class Array

Returns a new array, populated with the given objects:

Array[1, 'a', /^A/]    # => [1, "a", /^A/]
Array[]                # => []
Array.[](1, 'a', /^A/) # => [1, "a", /^A/]

Related: see Methods for Creating an Array.

static VALUE
rb_ary_s_create(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
{
    VALUE ary = ary_new(klass, argc);
    if (argc > 0 && argv) {
        ary_memcpy(ary, 0, argc, argv);
        ARY_SET_LEN(ary, argc);
    }

    return ary;
}

Returns a new array.

With no block and no argument given, returns a new empty array:

Array.new # => []

With no block and array argument given, returns a new array with the same elements:

Array.new([:foo, 'bar', 2]) # => [:foo, "bar", 2]

With no block and integer argument given, returns a new array containing that many instances of the given default_value:

Array.new(0)    # => []
Array.new(3)    # => [nil, nil, nil]
Array.new(2, 3) # => [3, 3]

With a block given, returns an array of the given size; calls the block with each index in the range (0...size); the element at that index in the returned array is the blocks return value:

Array.new(3)  {|index| "Element #{index}" } # => ["Element 0", "Element 1", "Element 2"]

A common pitfall for new Rubyists is providing an expression as default_value:

array = Array.new(2, {})
array # => [{}, {}]
array[0][:a] = 1
array # => [{a: 1}, {a: 1}], as array[0] and array[1] are same object

If you want the elements of the array to be distinct, you should pass a block:

array = Array.new(2) { {} }
array # => [{}, {}]
array[0][:a] = 1
array # => [{a: 1}, {}], as array[0] and array[1] are different objects

Raises TypeError if the first argument is not either an array or an integer-convertible object). Raises ArgumentError if the first argument is a negative integer.

Related: see Methods for Creating an Array.

static VALUE
rb_ary_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
{
    long len;
    VALUE size, val;

    rb_ary_modify(ary);
    if (argc == 0) {
        rb_ary_reset(ary);
        RUBY_ASSERT(ARY_EMBED_P(ary));
        RUBY_ASSERT(ARY_EMBED_LEN(ary) == 0);
        if (rb_block_given_p()) {
            rb_warning("given block not used");
        }
        return ary;
    }
    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "02", &size, &val);
    if (argc == 1 && !FIXNUM_P(size)) {
        val = rb_check_array_type(size);
        if (!NIL_P(val)) {
            rb_ary_replace(ary, val);
            return ary;
        }
    }

    len = NUM2LONG(size);
    /* NUM2LONG() may call size.to_int, ary can be frozen, modified, etc */
    if (len < 0) {
        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "negative array size");
    }
    if (len > ARY_MAX_SIZE) {
        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "array size too big");
    }
    /* recheck after argument conversion */
    rb_ary_modify(ary);
    ary_resize_capa(ary, len);
    if (rb_block_given_p()) {
        long i;

        if (argc == 2) {
            rb_warn("block supersedes default value argument");
        }
        for (i=0; i<len; i++) {
            rb_ary_store(ary, i, rb_yield(LONG2NUM(i)));
            ARY_SET_LEN(ary, i + 1);
        }
    }
    else {
        ary_memfill(ary, 0, len, val);
        ARY_SET_LEN(ary, len);
    }
    return ary;
}

Attempts to return an array, based on the given object.

If object is an array, returns object.

Otherwise if object responds to :to_ary. calls object.to_ary: if the return value is an array or nil, returns that value; if not, raises TypeError.

Otherwise returns nil.

Related: see Methods for Creating an Array.

static VALUE
rb_ary_s_try_convert(VALUE dummy, VALUE ary)
{
    return rb_check_array_type(ary);
}

Returns a new array containing the intersection of self and other_array; that is, containing those elements found in both self and other_array:

[0, 1, 2, 3] & [1, 2] # => [1, 2]

Omits duplicates:

[0, 1, 1, 0] & [0, 1] # => [0, 1]

Preserves order from self:

[0, 1, 2] & [3, 2, 1, 0] # => [0, 1, 2]

Identifies common elements using method #eql? (as defined in each element of self).

Related: see Methods for Combining.

static VALUE
rb_ary_and(VALUE ary1, VALUE ary2)
{
    VALUE hash, ary3, v;
    st_data_t vv;
    long i;

    ary2 = to_ary(ary2);
    ary3 = rb_ary_new();
    if (RARRAY_LEN(ary1) == 0 || RARRAY_LEN(ary2) == 0) return ary3;

    if (RARRAY_LEN(ary1) <= SMALL_ARRAY_LEN && RARRAY_LEN(ary2) <= SMALL_ARRAY_LEN) {
        for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary1); i++) {
            v = RARRAY_AREF(ary1, i);
            if (!rb_ary_includes_by_eql(ary2, v)) continue;
            if (rb_ary_includes_by_eql(ary3, v)) continue;
            rb_ary_push(ary3, v);
        }
        return ary3;
    }

    hash = ary_make_hash(ary2);

    for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary1); i++) {
        v = RARRAY_AREF(ary1, i);
        vv = (st_data_t)v;
        if (rb_hash_stlike_delete(hash, &vv, 0)) {
            rb_ary_push(ary3, v);
        }
    }

    return ary3;
}

When non-negative integer argument n is given, returns a new array built by concatenating n copies of self:

a = ['x', 'y']
a * 3 # => ["x", "y", "x", "y", "x", "y"]

When string argument string_separator is given, equivalent to self.join(string_separator):

[0, [0, 1], {foo: 0}] * ', ' # => "0, 0, 1, {:foo=>0}"

static VALUE
rb_ary_times(VALUE ary, VALUE times)
{
    VALUE ary2, tmp;
    const VALUE *ptr;
    long t, len;

    tmp = rb_check_string_type(times);
    if (!NIL_P(tmp)) {
        return rb_ary_join(ary, tmp);
    }

    len = NUM2LONG(times);
    if (len == 0) {
        ary2 = ary_new(rb_cArray, 0);
        goto out;
    }
    if (len < 0) {
        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "negative argument");
    }
    if (ARY_MAX_SIZE/len < RARRAY_LEN(ary)) {
        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "argument too big");
    }
    len *= RARRAY_LEN(ary);

    ary2 = ary_new(rb_cArray, len);
    ARY_SET_LEN(ary2, len);

    ptr = RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary);
    t = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
    if (0 < t) {
        ary_memcpy(ary2, 0, t, ptr);
        while (t <= len/2) {
            ary_memcpy(ary2, t, t, RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary2));
            t *= 2;
        }
        if (t < len) {
            ary_memcpy(ary2, t, len-t, RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary2));
        }
    }
  out:
    return ary2;
}

Returns a new array containing all elements of self followed by all elements of other_array:

a = [0, 1] + [2, 3]
a # => [0, 1, 2, 3]

Related: see Methods for Combining.

VALUE
rb_ary_plus(VALUE x, VALUE y)
{
    VALUE z;
    long len, xlen, ylen;

    y = to_ary(y);
    xlen = RARRAY_LEN(x);
    ylen = RARRAY_LEN(y);
    len = xlen + ylen;
    z = rb_ary_new2(len);

    ary_memcpy(z, 0, xlen, RARRAY_CONST_PTR(x));
    ary_memcpy(z, xlen, ylen, RARRAY_CONST_PTR(y));
    ARY_SET_LEN(z, len);
    return z;
}

Returns a new array containing only those elements of self that are not found in other_array; the order from self is preserved:

[0, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 3, 1, 1] - [1]             # => [0, 2, 3]
[0, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 3, 1, 1] - [3, 2, 0, :foo] # => [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1]
[0, 1, 2] - [:foo]                            # => [0, 1, 2]

Element are compared using method #eql? (as defined in each element of self).

Related: see Methods for Combining.

VALUE
rb_ary_diff(VALUE ary1, VALUE ary2)
{
    VALUE ary3;
    VALUE hash;
    long i;

    ary2 = to_ary(ary2);
    if (RARRAY_LEN(ary2) == 0) { return ary_make_shared_copy(ary1); }
    ary3 = rb_ary_new();

    if (RARRAY_LEN(ary1) <= SMALL_ARRAY_LEN || RARRAY_LEN(ary2) <= SMALL_ARRAY_LEN) {
        for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary1); i++) {
            VALUE elt = rb_ary_elt(ary1, i);
            if (rb_ary_includes_by_eql(ary2, elt)) continue;
            rb_ary_push(ary3, elt);
        }
        return ary3;
    }

    hash = ary_make_hash(ary2);
    for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary1); i++) {
        if (rb_hash_stlike_lookup(hash, RARRAY_AREF(ary1, i), NULL)) continue;
        rb_ary_push(ary3, rb_ary_elt(ary1, i));
    }

    return ary3;
}

Appends object as the last element in self; returns self:

[:foo, 'bar', 2] << :baz # => [:foo, "bar", 2, :baz]

Appends object as a single element, even if it is another array:

[:foo, 'bar', 2] << [3, 4] # => [:foo, "bar", 2, [3, 4]]

Related: see Methods for Assigning.

VALUE
rb_ary_push(VALUE ary, VALUE item)
{
    long idx = RARRAY_LEN((ary_verify(ary), ary));
    VALUE target_ary = ary_ensure_room_for_push(ary, 1);
    RARRAY_PTR_USE(ary, ptr, {
        RB_OBJ_WRITE(target_ary, &ptr[idx], item);
    });
    ARY_SET_LEN(ary, idx + 1);
    ary_verify(ary);
    return ary;
}

Returns -1, 0, or 1 as self is determined to be less than, equal to, or greater than other_array.

Iterates over each index i in (0...self.size):

• Computes result[i] as self[i] <=> other_array[i].

• Immediately returns 1 if result[i] is 1:

  [0, 1, 2] <=> [0, 0, 2] # => 1
  

• Immediately returns -1 if result[i] is -1:

  [0, 1, 2] <=> [0, 2, 2] # => -1
  

• Continues if result[i] is 0.

When every result is 0, returns self.size <=> other_array.size (see Integer#<=>):

[0, 1, 2] <=> [0, 1]        # => 1
[0, 1, 2] <=> [0, 1, 2]     # => 0
[0, 1, 2] <=> [0, 1, 2, 3]  # => -1

Note that when other_array is larger than self, its trailing elements do not affect the result:

[0, 1, 2] <=> [0, 1, 2, -3] # => -1
[0, 1, 2] <=> [0, 1, 2, 0]  # => -1
[0, 1, 2] <=> [0, 1, 2, 3]  # => -1

Related: see Methods for Comparing.

VALUE
rb_ary_cmp(VALUE ary1, VALUE ary2)
{
    long len;
    VALUE v;

    ary2 = rb_check_array_type(ary2);
    if (NIL_P(ary2)) return Qnil;
    if (ary1 == ary2) return INT2FIX(0);
    v = rb_exec_recursive_paired(recursive_cmp, ary1, ary2, ary2);
    if (!UNDEF_P(v)) return v;
    len = RARRAY_LEN(ary1) - RARRAY_LEN(ary2);
    if (len == 0) return INT2FIX(0);
    if (len > 0) return INT2FIX(1);
    return INT2FIX(-1);
}

Returns whether both:

• self and other_array are the same size.

• Their corresponding elements are the same; that is, for each index i in (0...self.size), self[i] == other_array[i].

Examples:

[:foo, 'bar', 2] == [:foo, 'bar', 2]   # => true
[:foo, 'bar', 2] == [:foo, 'bar', 2.0] # => true
[:foo, 'bar', 2] == [:foo, 'bar']      # => false # Different sizes.
[:foo, 'bar', 2] == [:foo, 'bar', 3]   # => false # Different elements.

This method is different from method Array#eql?, which compares elements using Object#eql?.

Related: see Methods for Comparing.

static VALUE
rb_ary_equal(VALUE ary1, VALUE ary2)
{
    if (ary1 == ary2) return Qtrue;
    if (!RB_TYPE_P(ary2, T_ARRAY)) {
        if (!rb_respond_to(ary2, idTo_ary)) {
            return Qfalse;
        }
        return rb_equal(ary2, ary1);
    }
    if (RARRAY_LEN(ary1) != RARRAY_LEN(ary2)) return Qfalse;
    if (RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary1) == RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary2)) return Qtrue;
    return rb_exec_recursive_paired(recursive_equal, ary1, ary2, ary2);
}

Returns elements from self; does not modify self.

In brief:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]

# Single argument index: returns one element.
a[0]     # => :foo          # Zero-based index.
a[-1]    # => 2             # Negative index counts backwards from end.

# Arguments start and length: returns an array.
a[1, 2]  # => ["bar", 2]
a[-2, 2] # => ["bar", 2]    # Negative start counts backwards from end.

# Single argument range: returns an array.
a[0..1]  # => [:foo, "bar"]
a[0..-2] # => [:foo, "bar"] # Negative range-begin counts backwards from end.
a[-2..2] # => ["bar", 2]    # Negative range-end counts backwards from end.

When a single integer argument index is given, returns the element at offset index:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a[0] # => :foo
a[2] # => 2
a # => [:foo, "bar", 2]

If index is negative, counts backwards from the end of self:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a[-1] # => 2
a[-2] # => "bar"

If index is out of range, returns nil.

When two Integer arguments start and length are given, returns a new Array of size length containing successive elements beginning at offset start:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a[0, 2] # => [:foo, "bar"]
a[1, 2] # => ["bar", 2]

If start + length is greater than self.length, returns all elements from offset start to the end:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a[0, 4] # => [:foo, "bar", 2]
a[1, 3] # => ["bar", 2]
a[2, 2] # => [2]

If start == self.size and length >= 0, returns a new empty Array.

If length is negative, returns nil.

When a single Range argument range is given, treats range.min as start above and range.size as length above:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a[0..1] # => [:foo, "bar"]
a[1..2] # => ["bar", 2]

Special case: If range.start == a.size, returns a new empty Array.

If range.end is negative, calculates the end index from the end:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a[0..-1] # => [:foo, "bar", 2]
a[0..-2] # => [:foo, "bar"]
a[0..-3] # => [:foo]

If range.start is negative, calculates the start index from the end:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a[-1..2] # => [2]
a[-2..2] # => ["bar", 2]
a[-3..2] # => [:foo, "bar", 2]

If range.start is larger than the array size, returns nil.

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a[4..1] # => nil
a[4..0] # => nil
a[4..-1] # => nil

When a single Enumerator::ArithmeticSequence argument aseq is given, returns an Array of elements corresponding to the indexes produced by the sequence.

a = ['--', 'data1', '--', 'data2', '--', 'data3']
a[(1..).step(2)] # => ["data1", "data2", "data3"]

Unlike slicing with range, if the start or the end of the arithmetic sequence is larger than array size, throws RangeError.

a = ['--', 'data1', '--', 'data2', '--', 'data3']
a[(1..11).step(2)]
# RangeError (((1..11).step(2)) out of range)
a[(7..).step(2)]
# RangeError (((7..).step(2)) out of range)

If given a single argument, and its type is not one of the listed, tries to convert it to Integer, and raises if it is impossible:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
# Raises TypeError (no implicit conversion of Symbol into Integer):
a[:foo]

Related: see Methods for Fetching.

VALUE
rb_ary_aref(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
{
    rb_check_arity(argc, 1, 2);
    if (argc == 2) {
        return rb_ary_aref2(ary, argv[0], argv[1]);
    }
    return rb_ary_aref1(ary, argv[0]);
}

Assigns elements in self, based on the given object; returns object.

In brief:

a_orig = [:foo, 'bar', 2]

# With argument index.
a = a_orig.dup
a[0] = 'foo' # => "foo"
a # => ["foo", "bar", 2]
a = a_orig.dup
a[7] = 'foo' # => "foo"
a # => [:foo, "bar", 2, nil, nil, nil, nil, "foo"]

# With arguments start and length.
a = a_orig.dup
a[0, 2] = 'foo' # => "foo"
a # => ["foo", 2]
a = a_orig.dup
a[6, 50] = 'foo' # => "foo"
a # => [:foo, "bar", 2, nil, nil, nil, "foo"]

# With argument range.
a = a_orig.dup
a[0..1] = 'foo' # => "foo"
a # => ["foo", 2]
a = a_orig.dup
a[6..50] = 'foo' # => "foo"
a # => [:foo, "bar", 2, nil, nil, nil, "foo"]

When Integer argument index is given, assigns object to an element in self.

If index is non-negative, assigns object the element at offset index:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a[0] = 'foo' # => "foo"
a # => ["foo", "bar", 2]

If index is greater than self.length, extends the array:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a[7] = 'foo' # => "foo"
a # => [:foo, "bar", 2, nil, nil, nil, nil, "foo"]

If index is negative, counts backwards from the end of the array:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a[-1] = 'two' # => "two"
a # => [:foo, "bar", "two"]

When Integer arguments start and length are given and object is not an Array, removes length - 1 elements beginning at offset start, and assigns object at offset start:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a[0, 2] = 'foo' # => "foo"
a # => ["foo", 2]

If start is negative, counts backwards from the end of the array:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a[-2, 2] = 'foo' # => "foo"
a # => [:foo, "foo"]

If start is non-negative and outside the array ( >= self.size), extends the array with nil, assigns object at offset start, and ignores length:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a[6, 50] = 'foo' # => "foo"
a # => [:foo, "bar", 2, nil, nil, nil, "foo"]

If length is zero, shifts elements at and following offset start and assigns object at offset start:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a[1, 0] = 'foo' # => "foo"
a # => [:foo, "foo", "bar", 2]

If length is too large for the existing array, does not extend the array:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a[1, 5] = 'foo' # => "foo"
a # => [:foo, "foo"]

When Range argument range is given and object is not an Array, removes length - 1 elements beginning at offset start, and assigns object at offset start:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a[0..1] = 'foo' # => "foo"
a # => ["foo", 2]

if range.begin is negative, counts backwards from the end of the array:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a[-2..2] = 'foo' # => "foo"
a # => [:foo, "foo"]

If the array length is less than range.begin, extends the array with nil, assigns object at offset range.begin, and ignores length:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a[6..50] = 'foo' # => "foo"
a # => [:foo, "bar", 2, nil, nil, nil, "foo"]

If range.end is zero, shifts elements at and following offset start and assigns object at offset start:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a[1..0] = 'foo' # => "foo"
a # => [:foo, "foo", "bar", 2]

If range.end is negative, assigns object at offset start, retains range.end.abs -1 elements past that, and removes those beyond:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a[1..-1] = 'foo' # => "foo"
a # => [:foo, "foo"]
a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a[1..-2] = 'foo' # => "foo"
a # => [:foo, "foo", 2]
a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a[1..-3] = 'foo' # => "foo"
a # => [:foo, "foo", "bar", 2]
a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]

If range.end is too large for the existing array, replaces array elements, but does not extend the array with nil values:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a[1..5] = 'foo' # => "foo"
a # => [:foo, "foo"]

Related: see Methods for Assigning.

static VALUE
rb_ary_aset(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
{
    long offset, beg, len;

    rb_check_arity(argc, 2, 3);
    rb_ary_modify_check(ary);
    if (argc == 3) {
        beg = NUM2LONG(argv[0]);
        len = NUM2LONG(argv[1]);
        return ary_aset_by_rb_ary_splice(ary, beg, len, argv[2]);
    }
    if (FIXNUM_P(argv[0])) {
        offset = FIX2LONG(argv[0]);
        return ary_aset_by_rb_ary_store(ary, offset, argv[1]);
    }
    if (rb_range_beg_len(argv[0], &beg, &len, RARRAY_LEN(ary), 1)) {
        /* check if idx is Range */
        return ary_aset_by_rb_ary_splice(ary, beg, len, argv[1]);
    }

    offset = NUM2LONG(argv[0]);
    return ary_aset_by_rb_ary_store(ary, offset, argv[1]);
}

Returns whether for every element of self, a given criterion is satisfied.

With no block and no argument, returns whether every element of self is truthy:

[[], {}, '', 0, 0.0, Object.new].all? # => true  # All truthy objects.
[[], {}, '', 0, 0.0, nil].all?        # => false # nil is not truthy.
[[], {}, '', 0, 0.0, false].all?      # => false # false is not truthy.

With argument object given, returns whether object === ele for every element ele in self:

[0, 0, 0].all?(0)                    # => true
[0, 1, 2].all?(1)                    # => false
['food', 'fool', 'foot'].all?(/foo/) # => true
['food', 'drink'].all?(/foo/)        # => false

With a block given, calls the block with each element in self; returns whether the block returns only truthy values:

[0, 1, 2].all? { |ele| ele < 3 } # => true
[0, 1, 2].all? { |ele| ele < 2 } # => false

With both a block and argument object given, ignores the block and uses object as above.

Special case: returns true if self is empty (regardless of any given argument or block).

Related: see Methods for Querying.

static VALUE
rb_ary_all_p(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
{
    long i, len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);

    rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1);
    if (!len) return Qtrue;
    if (argc) {
        if (rb_block_given_p()) {
            rb_warn("given block not used");
        }
        for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); ++i) {
            if (!RTEST(rb_funcall(argv[0], idEqq, 1, RARRAY_AREF(ary, i)))) return Qfalse;
        }
    }
    else if (!rb_block_given_p()) {
        for (i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
            if (!RTEST(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i))) return Qfalse;
        }
    }
    else {
        for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); ++i) {
            if (!RTEST(rb_yield(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i)))) return Qfalse;
        }
    }
    return Qtrue;
}

Returns whether for any element of self, a given criterion is satisfied.

With no block and no argument, returns whether any element of self is truthy:

[nil, false, []].any? # => true  # Array object is truthy.
[nil, false, {}].any? # => true  # Hash object is truthy.
[nil, false, ''].any? # => true  # String object is truthy.
[nil, false].any?     # => false # Nil and false are not truthy.

With argument object given, returns whether object === ele for any element ele in self:

[nil, false, 0].any?(0)          # => true
[nil, false, 1].any?(0)          # => false
[nil, false, 'food'].any?(/foo/) # => true
[nil, false, 'food'].any?(/bar/) # => false

With a block given, calls the block with each element in self; returns whether the block returns any truthy value:

[0, 1, 2].any? {|ele| ele < 1 } # => true
[0, 1, 2].any? {|ele| ele < 0 } # => false

With both a block and argument object given, ignores the block and uses object as above.

Special case: returns false if self is empty (regardless of any given argument or block).

Related: see Methods for Querying.

static VALUE
rb_ary_any_p(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
{
    long i, len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);

    rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1);
    if (!len) return Qfalse;
    if (argc) {
        if (rb_block_given_p()) {
            rb_warn("given block not used");
        }
        for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); ++i) {
            if (RTEST(rb_funcall(argv[0], idEqq, 1, RARRAY_AREF(ary, i)))) return Qtrue;
        }
    }
    else if (!rb_block_given_p()) {
        for (i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
            if (RTEST(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i))) return Qtrue;
        }
    }
    else {
        for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); ++i) {
            if (RTEST(rb_yield(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i)))) return Qtrue;
        }
    }
    return Qfalse;
}

Returns the first element ele in self such that ele is an array and ele[0] == object:

a = [{foo: 0}, [2, 4], [4, 5, 6], [4, 5]]
a.assoc(4) # => [4, 5, 6]

Returns nil if no such element is found.

Related: Array#rassoc; see also Methods for Fetching.

VALUE
rb_ary_assoc(VALUE ary, VALUE key)
{
    long i;
    VALUE v;

    for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); ++i) {
        v = rb_check_array_type(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i));
        if (!NIL_P(v) && RARRAY_LEN(v) > 0 &&
            rb_equal(RARRAY_AREF(v, 0), key))
            return v;
    }
    return Qnil;
}

Returns the element of self specified by the given index or nil if there is no such element; index must be an integer-convertible object.

For non-negative index, returns the element of self at offset index:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.at(0)   # => :foo
a.at(2)   # => 2
a.at(2.0) # => 2

For negative index, counts backwards from the end of self:

a.at(-2) # => "bar"

Related: Array#[]; see also Methods for Fetching.

VALUE
rb_ary_at(VALUE ary, VALUE pos)
{
    return rb_ary_entry(ary, NUM2LONG(pos));
}

Returns the element from self found by a binary search, or nil if the search found no suitable element.

See Binary Searching.

Related: see Methods for Fetching.

static VALUE
rb_ary_bsearch(VALUE ary)
{
    VALUE index_result = rb_ary_bsearch_index(ary);

    if (FIXNUM_P(index_result)) {
        return rb_ary_entry(ary, FIX2LONG(index_result));
    }
    return index_result;
}

Returns the integer index of the element from self found by a binary search, or nil if the search found no suitable element.

See Binary Searching.

Related: see Methods for Fetching.

static VALUE
rb_ary_bsearch_index(VALUE ary)
{
    long low = 0, high = RARRAY_LEN(ary), mid;
    int smaller = 0, satisfied = 0;
    VALUE v, val;

    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(ary, 0, 0);
    while (low < high) {
        mid = low + ((high - low) / 2);
        val = rb_ary_entry(ary, mid);
        v = rb_yield(val);
        if (FIXNUM_P(v)) {
            if (v == INT2FIX(0)) return INT2FIX(mid);
            smaller = (SIGNED_VALUE)v < 0; /* Fixnum preserves its sign-bit */
        }
        else if (v == Qtrue) {
            satisfied = 1;
            smaller = 1;
        }
        else if (!RTEST(v)) {
            smaller = 0;
        }
        else if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(v, rb_cNumeric)) {
            const VALUE zero = INT2FIX(0);
            switch (rb_cmpint(rb_funcallv(v, id_cmp, 1, &zero), v, zero)) {
              case 0: return INT2FIX(mid);
              case 1: smaller = 0; break;
              case -1: smaller = 1;
            }
        }
        else {
            rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "wrong argument type %"PRIsVALUE
                     " (must be numeric, true, false or nil)",
                     rb_obj_class(v));
        }
        if (smaller) {
            high = mid;
        }
        else {
            low = mid + 1;
        }
    }
    if (!satisfied) return Qnil;
    return INT2FIX(low);
}

Removes all elements from self; returns self:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.clear # => []

Related: see Methods for Deleting.

VALUE
rb_ary_clear(VALUE ary)
{
    rb_ary_modify_check(ary);
    if (ARY_SHARED_P(ary)) {
        rb_ary_unshare(ary);
        FL_SET_EMBED(ary);
        ARY_SET_EMBED_LEN(ary, 0);
    }
    else {
        ARY_SET_LEN(ary, 0);
        if (ARY_DEFAULT_SIZE * 2 < ARY_CAPA(ary)) {
            ary_resize_capa(ary, ARY_DEFAULT_SIZE * 2);
        }
    }
    ary_verify(ary);
    return ary;
}

With a block given, calls the block with each element of self; returns a new array whose elements are the return values from the block:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a1 = a.map {|element| element.class }
a1 # => [Symbol, String, Integer]

With no block given, returns a new Enumerator.

Related: collect!; see also Methods for Converting.

static VALUE
rb_ary_collect(VALUE ary)
{
    long i;
    VALUE collect;

    RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(ary, 0, 0, ary_enum_length);
    collect = rb_ary_new2(RARRAY_LEN(ary));
    for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
        rb_ary_push(collect, rb_yield(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i)));
    }
    return collect;
}

With a block given, calls the block with each element of self and replaces the element with the block’s return value; returns self:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.map! { |element| element.class } # => [Symbol, String, Integer]

With no block given, returns a new Enumerator.

Related: collect; see also Methods for Converting.

static VALUE
rb_ary_collect_bang(VALUE ary)
{
    long i;

    RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(ary, 0, 0, ary_enum_length);
    rb_ary_modify(ary);
    for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
        rb_ary_store(ary, i, rb_yield(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i)));
    }
    return ary;
}

When a block and a positive integer-convertible object argument n (0 < n <= self.size) are given, calls the block with all n-tuple combinations of self; returns self:

a = %w[a b c]                                   # => ["a", "b", "c"]
a.combination(2) {|combination| p combination } # => ["a", "b", "c"]

Output:

["a", "b"]
["a", "c"]
["b", "c"]

The order of the yielded combinations is not guaranteed.

When n is zero, calls the block once with a new empty array:

a.combination(0) {|combination| p combination }
[].combination(0) {|combination| p combination }

Output:

[]
[]

When n is negative or larger than self.size and self is non-empty, does not call the block:

a.combination(-1) {|combination| fail 'Cannot happen' } # => ["a", "b", "c"]
a.combination(4)  {|combination| fail 'Cannot happen' } # => ["a", "b", "c"]

With no block given, returns a new Enumerator.

Related: Array#permutation; see also Methods for Iterating.

static VALUE
rb_ary_combination(VALUE ary, VALUE num)
{
    long i, n, len;

    n = NUM2LONG(num);
    RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(ary, 1, &num, rb_ary_combination_size);
    len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
    if (n < 0 || len < n) {
        /* yield nothing */
    }
    else if (n == 0) {
        rb_yield(rb_ary_new2(0));
    }
    else if (n == 1) {
        for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
            rb_yield(rb_ary_new3(1, RARRAY_AREF(ary, i)));
        }
    }
    else {
        VALUE ary0 = ary_make_shared_copy(ary); /* private defensive copy of ary */
        volatile VALUE t0;
        long *stack = ALLOCV_N(long, t0, n+1);

        RBASIC_CLEAR_CLASS(ary0);
        combinate0(len, n, stack, ary0);
        ALLOCV_END(t0);
        RBASIC_SET_CLASS_RAW(ary0, rb_cArray);
    }
    return ary;
}

Returns a new array containing only the non-nil elements from self; element order is preserved:

a = [nil, 0, nil, false, nil, '', nil, [], nil, {}]
a.compact # => [0, false, "", [], {}]

Related: Array#compact!; see also Methods for Deleting.

static VALUE
rb_ary_compact(VALUE ary)
{
    ary = rb_ary_dup(ary);
    rb_ary_compact_bang(ary);
    return ary;
}

Removes all nil elements from self; Returns self if any elements are removed, nil otherwise:

a = [nil, 0, nil, false, nil, '', nil, [], nil, {}]
a.compact! # => [0, false, "", [], {}]
a          # => [0, false, "", [], {}]
a.compact! # => nil

Related: Array#compact; see also Methods for Deleting.

static VALUE
rb_ary_compact_bang(VALUE ary)
{
    VALUE *p, *t, *end;
    long n;

    rb_ary_modify(ary);
    p = t = (VALUE *)RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary); /* WB: no new reference */
    end = p + RARRAY_LEN(ary);

    while (t < end) {
        if (NIL_P(*t)) t++;
        else *p++ = *t++;
    }
    n = p - RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary);
    if (RARRAY_LEN(ary) == n) {
        return Qnil;
    }
    ary_resize_smaller(ary, n);

    return ary;
}

Adds to self all elements from each array in other_arrays; returns self:

a = [0, 1]
a.concat(['two', 'three'], [:four, :five], a)
# => [0, 1, "two", "three", :four, :five, 0, 1]

Related: see Methods for Assigning.

static VALUE
rb_ary_concat_multi(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
{
    rb_ary_modify_check(ary);

    if (argc == 1) {
        rb_ary_concat(ary, argv[0]);
    }
    else if (argc > 1) {
        int i;
        VALUE args = rb_ary_hidden_new(argc);
        for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
            rb_ary_concat(args, argv[i]);
        }
        ary_append(ary, args);
    }

    ary_verify(ary);
    return ary;
}

Returns a count of specified elements.

With no argument and no block, returns the count of all elements:

[0, :one, 'two', 3, 3.0].count # => 5

With argument object given, returns the count of elements == to object:

[0, :one, 'two', 3, 3.0].count(3) # => 2

With no argument and a block given, calls the block with each element; returns the count of elements for which the block returns a truthy value:

[0, 1, 2, 3].count {|element| element > 1 } # => 2

With argument object and a block given, issues a warning, ignores the block, and returns the count of elements == to object.

Related: see Methods for Querying.

static VALUE
rb_ary_count(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
{
    long i, n = 0;

    if (rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1) == 0) {
        VALUE v;

        if (!rb_block_given_p())
            return LONG2NUM(RARRAY_LEN(ary));

        for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
            v = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
            if (RTEST(rb_yield(v))) n++;
        }
    }
    else {
        VALUE obj = argv[0];

        if (rb_block_given_p()) {
            rb_warn("given block not used");
        }
        for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
            if (rb_equal(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i), obj)) n++;
        }
    }

    return LONG2NUM(n);
}

With a block given, may call the block, depending on the value of argument count; count must be an integer-convertible object, or nil.

When count is positive, calls the block with each element, then does so repeatedly, until it has done so count times; returns nil:

output = []
[0, 1].cycle(2) {|element| output.push(element) } # => nil
output # => [0, 1, 0, 1]

When count is zero or negative, does not call the block:

[0, 1].cycle(0) {|element| fail 'Cannot happen' }  # => nil
[0, 1].cycle(-1) {|element| fail 'Cannot happen' } # => nil

When count is nil, cycles forever:

# Prints 0 and 1 forever.
[0, 1].cycle {|element| puts element }
[0, 1].cycle(nil) {|element| puts element }

With no block given, returns a new Enumerator.

Related: see Methods for Iterating.

static VALUE
rb_ary_cycle(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
{
    long n, i;

    rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1);

    RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(ary, argc, argv, rb_ary_cycle_size);
    if (argc == 0 || NIL_P(argv[0])) {
        n = -1;
    }
    else {
        n = NUM2LONG(argv[0]);
        if (n <= 0) return Qnil;
    }

    while (RARRAY_LEN(ary) > 0 && (n < 0 || 0 < n--)) {
        for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
            rb_yield(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i));
        }
    }
    return Qnil;
}

Removes zero or more elements from self.

With no block given, removes from self each element ele such that ele == object; returns the last removed element:

a = [0, 1, 2, 2.0]
a.delete(2) # => 2.0
a           # => [0, 1]

Returns nil if no elements removed:

a.delete(2) # => nil

With a block given, removes from self each element ele such that ele == object.

If any such elements are found, ignores the block and returns the last removed element:

a = [0, 1, 2, 2.0]
a.delete(2) {|element| fail 'Cannot happen' } # => 2.0
a                                             # => [0, 1]

If no such element is found, returns the block’s return value:

a.delete(2) {|element| "Element #{element} not found." }
# => "Element 2 not found."

Related: see Methods for Deleting.

VALUE
rb_ary_delete(VALUE ary, VALUE item)
{
    VALUE v = item;
    long i1, i2;

    for (i1 = i2 = 0; i1 < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i1++) {
        VALUE e = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i1);

        if (rb_equal(e, item)) {
            v = e;
            continue;
        }
        if (i1 != i2) {
            rb_ary_store(ary, i2, e);
        }
        i2++;
    }
    if (RARRAY_LEN(ary) == i2) {
        if (rb_block_given_p()) {
            return rb_yield(item);
        }
        return Qnil;
    }

    ary_resize_smaller(ary, i2);

    ary_verify(ary);
    return v;
}

Removes the element of self at the given index, which must be an integer-convertible object.

When index is non-negative, deletes the element at offset index:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.delete_at(1) # => "bar"
a # => [:foo, 2]

When index is negative, counts backward from the end of the array:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.delete_at(-2) # => "bar"
a # => [:foo, 2]

When index is out of range, returns nil.

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.delete_at(3)  # => nil
a.delete_at(-4) # => nil

Related: see Methods for Deleting.

static VALUE
rb_ary_delete_at_m(VALUE ary, VALUE pos)
{
    return rb_ary_delete_at(ary, NUM2LONG(pos));
}

With a block given, calls the block with each element of self; removes the element if the block returns a truthy value; returns self:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2, 'bat']
a.delete_if {|element| element.to_s.start_with?('b') } # => [:foo, 2]

With no block given, returns a new Enumerator.

Related: see Methods for Deleting.

static VALUE
rb_ary_delete_if(VALUE ary)
{
    ary_verify(ary);
    RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(ary, 0, 0, ary_enum_length);
    ary_reject_bang(ary);
    return ary;
}

Returns a new array containing only those elements from self that are not found in any of the given other_arrays; items are compared using eql?; order from self is preserved:

[0, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 3, 1, 1].difference([1]) # => [0, 2, 3]
[0, 1, 2, 3].difference([3, 0], [1, 3])     # => [2]
[0, 1, 2].difference([4])                   # => [0, 1, 2]
[0, 1, 2].difference                        # => [0, 1, 2]

Returns a copy of self if no arguments are given.

Related: Array#-; see also Methods for Combining.

static VALUE
rb_ary_difference_multi(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
{
    VALUE ary_diff;
    long i, length;
    volatile VALUE t0;
    bool *is_hash = ALLOCV_N(bool, t0, argc);
    ary_diff = rb_ary_new();
    length = RARRAY_LEN(ary);

    for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
        argv[i] = to_ary(argv[i]);
        is_hash[i] = (length > SMALL_ARRAY_LEN && RARRAY_LEN(argv[i]) > SMALL_ARRAY_LEN);
        if (is_hash[i]) argv[i] = ary_make_hash(argv[i]);
    }

    for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
        int j;
        VALUE elt = rb_ary_elt(ary, i);
        for (j = 0; j < argc; j++) {
            if (is_hash[j]) {
                if (rb_hash_stlike_lookup(argv[j], RARRAY_AREF(ary, i), NULL))
                    break;
            }
            else {
                if (rb_ary_includes_by_eql(argv[j], elt)) break;
            }
        }
        if (j == argc) rb_ary_push(ary_diff, elt);
    }

    ALLOCV_END(t0);

    return ary_diff;
}

Finds and returns the object in nested object specified by index and identifiers; the nested objects may be instances of various classes. See Dig Methods.

Examples:

a = [:foo, [:bar, :baz, [:bat, :bam]]]
a.dig(1) # => [:bar, :baz, [:bat, :bam]]
a.dig(1, 2) # => [:bat, :bam]
a.dig(1, 2, 0) # => :bat
a.dig(1, 2, 3) # => nil

Related: see Methods for Fetching.

static VALUE
rb_ary_dig(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
{
    rb_check_arity(argc, 1, UNLIMITED_ARGUMENTS);
    self = rb_ary_at(self, *argv);
    if (!--argc) return self;
    ++argv;
    return rb_obj_dig(argc, argv, self, Qnil);
}

Returns a new array containing all but the first n element of self, where n is a non-negative Integer; does not modify self.

Examples:

a = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
a.drop(0) # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
a.drop(1) # => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
a.drop(2) # => [2, 3, 4, 5]
a.drop(9) # => []

Related: see Methods for Fetching.

static VALUE
rb_ary_drop(VALUE ary, VALUE n)
{
    VALUE result;
    long pos = NUM2LONG(n);
    if (pos < 0) {
        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "attempt to drop negative size");
    }

    result = rb_ary_subseq(ary, pos, RARRAY_LEN(ary));
    if (NIL_P(result)) result = rb_ary_new();
    return result;
}

With a block given, calls the block with each successive element of self; stops if the block returns false or nil; returns a new array omitting those elements for which the block returned a truthy value; does not modify self:

a = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
a.drop_while {|element| element < 3 } # => [3, 4, 5]

With no block given, returns a new Enumerator.

Related: see Methods for Fetching.

static VALUE
rb_ary_drop_while(VALUE ary)
{
    long i;

    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(ary, 0, 0);
    for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
        if (!RTEST(rb_yield(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i)))) break;
    }
    return rb_ary_drop(ary, LONG2FIX(i));
}

With a block given, iterates over the elements of self, passing each element to the block; returns self:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.each {|element|  puts "#{element.class} #{element}" }

Output:

Symbol foo
String bar
Integer 2

Allows the array to be modified during iteration:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.each {|element| puts element; a.clear if element.to_s.start_with?('b') }

Output:

foo
bar

With no block given, returns a new Enumerator.

Related: see Methods for Iterating.

# File array.rb, line 33
def each
  Primitive.attr! :inline_block

  unless defined?(yield)
    return Primitive.cexpr! 'SIZED_ENUMERATOR(self, 0, 0, ary_enum_length)'
  end
  _i = 0
  value = nil
  while Primitive.cexpr!(%q{ ary_fetch_next(self, LOCAL_PTR(_i), LOCAL_PTR(value)) })
    yield value
  end
  self
end

With a block given, iterates over the elements of self, passing each array index to the block; returns self:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.each_index {|index|  puts "#{index} #{a[index]}" }

Output:

0 foo
1 bar
2 2

Allows the array to be modified during iteration:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.each_index {|index| puts index; a.clear if index > 0 }

Output:

0
1

With no block given, returns a new Enumerator.

Related: see Methods for Iterating.

static VALUE
rb_ary_each_index(VALUE ary)
{
    long i;
    RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(ary, 0, 0, ary_enum_length);

    for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
        rb_yield(LONG2NUM(i));
    }
    return ary;
}

Returns true if the count of elements in self is zero, false otherwise.

Related: see Methods for Querying.

static VALUE
rb_ary_empty_p(VALUE ary)
{
    return RBOOL(RARRAY_LEN(ary) == 0);
}

Returns true if self and other_array are the same size, and if, for each index i in self, self[i].eql?(other_array[i]):

a0 = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a1 = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a1.eql?(a0) # => true

Otherwise, returns false.

This method is different from method Array#==, which compares using method Object#==.

Related: see Methods for Querying.

static VALUE
rb_ary_eql(VALUE ary1, VALUE ary2)
{
    if (ary1 == ary2) return Qtrue;
    if (!RB_TYPE_P(ary2, T_ARRAY)) return Qfalse;
    if (RARRAY_LEN(ary1) != RARRAY_LEN(ary2)) return Qfalse;
    if (RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary1) == RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary2)) return Qtrue;
    return rb_exec_recursive_paired(recursive_eql, ary1, ary2, ary2);
}

Returns the element of self at offset index if index is in range; index must be an integer-convertible object.

With the single argument index and no block, returns the element at offset index:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.fetch(1)   # => "bar"
a.fetch(1.1) # => "bar"

If index is negative, counts from the end of the array:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.fetch(-1) # => 2
a.fetch(-2) # => "bar"

With arguments index and default_value (which may be any object) and no block, returns default_value if index is out-of-range:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.fetch(1, nil)  # => "bar"
a.fetch(3, :foo) # => :foo

With argument index and a block, returns the element at offset index if index is in range (and the block is not called); otherwise calls the block with index and returns its return value:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.fetch(1) {|index| raise 'Cannot happen' } # => "bar"
a.fetch(50) {|index| "Value for #{index}" } # => "Value for 50"

Related: see Methods for Fetching.

static VALUE
rb_ary_fetch(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
{
    VALUE pos, ifnone;
    long block_given;
    long idx;

    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &pos, &ifnone);
    block_given = rb_block_given_p();
    if (block_given && argc == 2) {
        rb_warn("block supersedes default value argument");
    }
    idx = NUM2LONG(pos);

    if (idx < 0) {
        idx +=  RARRAY_LEN(ary);
    }
    if (idx < 0 || RARRAY_LEN(ary) <= idx) {
        if (block_given) return rb_yield(pos);
        if (argc == 1) {
            rb_raise(rb_eIndexError, "index %ld outside of array bounds: %ld...%ld",
                        idx - (idx < 0 ? RARRAY_LEN(ary) : 0), -RARRAY_LEN(ary), RARRAY_LEN(ary));
        }
        return ifnone;
    }
    return RARRAY_AREF(ary, idx);
}

With no block given, returns a new array containing the elements of self at the offsets given by indexes; each of the indexes must be an integer-convertible object:

a = [:foo, :bar, :baz]
a.fetch_values(3, 1)   # => [:baz, :foo]
a.fetch_values(3.1, 1) # => [:baz, :foo]
a.fetch_values         # => []

For a negative index, counts backwards from the end of the array:

a.fetch_values([-2, -1]) # [:bar, :baz]

When no block is given, raises an exception if any index is out of range.

With a block given, for each index:

• If the index in in range, uses an element of self (as above).

• Otherwise calls, the block with the index, and uses the block’s return value.

Example:

a = [:foo, :bar, :baz]
a.fetch_values(1, 0, 42, 777) {|index| index.to_s}
# => [:bar, :foo, "42", "777"]

Related: see Methods for Fetching.

# File array.rb, line 221
def fetch_values(*indexes, &block)
  indexes.map! { |i| fetch(i, &block) }
  indexes
end

Replaces selected elements in self; may add elements to self; always returns self (never a new array).

In brief:

# Non-negative start.
['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill('-', 1, 2)          # => ["a", "-", "-", "d"]
['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill(1, 2) {|e| e.to_s } # => ["a", "1", "2", "d"]

# Extends with specified values if necessary.
['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill('-', 3, 2)          # => ["a", "b", "c", "-", "-"]
['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill(3, 2) {|e| e.to_s } # => ["a", "b", "c", "3", "4"]

# Fills with nils if necessary.
['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill('-', 6, 2)          # => ["a", "b", "c", "d", nil, nil, "-", "-"]
['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill(6, 2) {|e| e.to_s } # => ["a", "b", "c", "d", nil, nil, "6", "7"]

# For negative start, counts backwards from the end.
['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill('-', -3, 3)          # => ["a", "-", "-", "-"]
['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill(-3, 3) {|e| e.to_s } # => ["a", "1", "2", "3"]

# Range.
['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill('-', 1..2)          # => ["a", "-", "-", "d"]
['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill(1..2) {|e| e.to_s } # => ["a", "1", "2", "d"]

When arguments start and count are given, they select the elements of self to be replaced; each must be an integer-convertible object (or nil):

• start specifies the zero-based offset of the first element to be replaced; nil means zero.

• count is the number of consecutive elements to be replaced; nil means “all the rest.”

With argument object given, that one object is used for all replacements:

o = Object.new           # => #<Object:0x0000014e7bff7600>
a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'] # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
a.fill(o, 1, 2)
# => ["a", #<Object:0x0000014e7bff7600>, #<Object:0x0000014e7bff7600>, "d"]

With a block given, the block is called once for each element to be replaced; the value passed to the block is the index of the element to be replaced (not the element itself); the block’s return value replaces the element:

a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']               # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
a.fill(1, 2) {|element| element.to_s } # => ["a", "1", "2", "d"]

For arguments start and count:

• If start is non-negative, replaces count elements beginning at offset start:

  ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill('-', 0, 2) # => ["-", "-", "c", "d"]
  ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill('-', 1, 2) # => ["a", "-", "-", "d"]
  ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill('-', 2, 2) # => ["a", "b", "-", "-"]
  
  ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill(0, 2) {|e| e.to_s } # => ["0", "1", "c", "d"]
  ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill(1, 2) {|e| e.to_s } # => ["a", "1", "2", "d"]
  ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill(2, 2) {|e| e.to_s } # => ["a", "b", "2", "3"]
  

  Extends self if necessary:

  ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill('-', 3, 2) # => ["a", "b", "c", "-", "-"]
  ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill('-', 4, 2) # => ["a", "b", "c", "d", "-", "-"]
  
  ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill(3, 2) {|e| e.to_s } # => ["a", "b", "c", "3", "4"]
  ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill(4, 2) {|e| e.to_s } # => ["a", "b", "c", "d", "4", "5"]
  

  Fills with nil if necessary:

  ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill('-', 5, 2) # => ["a", "b", "c", "d", nil, "-", "-"]
  ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill('-', 6, 2) # => ["a", "b", "c", "d", nil, nil, "-", "-"]
  
  ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill(5, 2) {|e| e.to_s } # => ["a", "b", "c", "d", nil, "5", "6"]
  ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill(6, 2) {|e| e.to_s } # => ["a", "b", "c", "d", nil, nil, "6", "7"]
  

  Does nothing if count is non-positive:

  ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill('-', 2, 0)    # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
  ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill('-', 2, -100) # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
  ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill('-', 6, -100) # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
  
  ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill(2, 0) {|e| fail 'Cannot happen' }    # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
  ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill(2, -100) {|e| fail 'Cannot happen' } # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
  ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill(6, -100) {|e| fail 'Cannot happen' } # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
  

• If start is negative, counts backwards from the end of self:

  ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill('-', -4, 3) # => ["-", "-", "-", "d"]
  ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill('-', -3, 3) # => ["a", "-", "-", "-"]
  
  ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill(-4, 3) {|e| e.to_s } # => ["0", "1", "2", "d"]
  ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill(-3, 3) {|e| e.to_s } # => ["a", "1", "2", "3"]
  

  Extends self if necessary:

  ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill('-', -2, 3) # => ["a", "b", "-", "-", "-"]
  ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill('-', -1, 3) # => ["a", "b", "c", "-", "-", "-"]
  
  ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill(-2, 3) {|e| e.to_s } # => ["a", "b", "2", "3", "4"]
  ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill(-1, 3) {|e| e.to_s } # => ["a", "b", "c", "3", "4", "5"]
  

  Starts at the beginning of self if start is negative and out-of-range:

  ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill('-', -5, 2) # => ["-", "-", "c", "d"]
  ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill('-', -6, 2) # => ["-", "-", "c", "d"]
  
  ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill(-5, 2) {|e| e.to_s } # => ["0", "1", "c", "d"]
  ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill(-6, 2) {|e| e.to_s } # => ["0", "1", "c", "d"]
  

  Does nothing if count is non-positive:

  ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill('-', -2, 0)  # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
  ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill('-', -2, -1) # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
  
  ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill(-2, 0) {|e| fail 'Cannot happen' }  # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
  ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill(-2, -1) {|e| fail 'Cannot happen' } # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
  

When argument range is given, it must be a Range object whose members are numeric; its begin and end values determine the elements of self to be replaced:

• If both begin and end are positive, they specify the first and last elements to be replaced:

  ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill('-', 1..2)          # => ["a", "-", "-", "d"]
  ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill(1..2) {|e| e.to_s } # => ["a", "1", "2", "d"]
  

  If end is smaller than begin, replaces no elements:

  ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill('-', 2..1)          # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
  ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill(2..1) {|e| e.to_s } # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
  

• If either is negative (or both are negative), counts backwards from the end of self:

  ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill('-', -3..2)  # => ["a", "-", "-", "d"]
  ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill('-', 1..-2)  # => ["a", "-", "-", "d"]
  ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill('-', -3..-2) # => ["a", "-", "-", "d"]
  
  ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill(-3..2) {|e| e.to_s }  # => ["a", "1", "2", "d"]
  ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill(1..-2) {|e| e.to_s }  # => ["a", "1", "2", "d"]
  ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill(-3..-2) {|e| e.to_s } # => ["a", "1", "2", "d"]
  

• If the end value is excluded (see Range#exclude_end?), omits the last replacement:

  ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill('-', 1...2)  # => ["a", "-", "c", "d"]
  ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill('-', 1...-2) # => ["a", "-", "c", "d"]
  
  ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill(1...2) {|e| e.to_s }  # => ["a", "1", "c", "d"]
  ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill(1...-2) {|e| e.to_s } # => ["a", "1", "c", "d"]
  

• If the range is endless (see Endless Ranges), replaces elements to the end of self:

  ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill('-', 1..)          # => ["a", "-", "-", "-"]
  ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill(1..) {|e| e.to_s } # => ["a", "1", "2", "3"]
  

• If the range is beginless (see Beginless Ranges), replaces elements from the beginning of self:

  ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill('-', ..2)          # => ["-", "-", "-", "d"]
  ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].fill(..2) {|e| e.to_s } # => ["0", "1", "2", "d"]
  

Related: see Methods for Assigning.

static VALUE
rb_ary_fill(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
{
    VALUE item = Qundef, arg1, arg2;
    long beg = 0, end = 0, len = 0;

    if (rb_block_given_p()) {
        rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "02", &arg1, &arg2);
        argc += 1;              /* hackish */
    }
    else {
        rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "12", &item, &arg1, &arg2);
    }
    switch (argc) {
      case 1:
        beg = 0;
        len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
        break;
      case 2:
        if (rb_range_beg_len(arg1, &beg, &len, RARRAY_LEN(ary), 1)) {
            break;
        }
        /* fall through */
      case 3:
        beg = NIL_P(arg1) ? 0 : NUM2LONG(arg1);
        if (beg < 0) {
            beg = RARRAY_LEN(ary) + beg;
            if (beg < 0) beg = 0;
        }
        len = NIL_P(arg2) ? RARRAY_LEN(ary) - beg : NUM2LONG(arg2);
        break;
    }
    rb_ary_modify(ary);
    if (len < 0) {
        return ary;
    }
    if (beg >= ARY_MAX_SIZE || len > ARY_MAX_SIZE - beg) {
        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "argument too big");
    }
    end = beg + len;
    if (RARRAY_LEN(ary) < end) {
        if (end >= ARY_CAPA(ary)) {
            ary_resize_capa(ary, end);
        }
        ary_mem_clear(ary, RARRAY_LEN(ary), end - RARRAY_LEN(ary));
        ARY_SET_LEN(ary, end);
    }

    if (UNDEF_P(item)) {
        VALUE v;
        long i;

        for (i=beg; i<end; i++) {
            v = rb_yield(LONG2NUM(i));
            if (i>=RARRAY_LEN(ary)) break;
            ARY_SET(ary, i, v);
        }
    }
    else {
        ary_memfill(ary, beg, len, item);
    }
    return ary;
}

Returns elements from self, or nil; does not modify self.

With no argument given, returns the first element (if available):

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.first # => :foo
a # => [:foo, "bar", 2]

If self is empty, returns nil.

[].first # => nil

With non-negative integer argument count given, returns the first count elements (as available) in a new array:

a.first(0)  # => []
a.first(2)  # => [:foo, "bar"]
a.first(50) # => [:foo, "bar", 2]

Related: see Methods for Querying.

# File array.rb, line 139
def first n = unspecified = true
  if Primitive.mandatory_only?
    Primitive.attr! :leaf
    Primitive.cexpr! %q{ ary_first(self) }
  else
    if unspecified
      Primitive.cexpr! %q{ ary_first(self) }
    else
      Primitive.cexpr! %q{  ary_take_first_or_last_n(self, NUM2LONG(n), ARY_TAKE_FIRST) }
    end
  end
end

Returns a new array that is a recursive flattening of self to depth levels of recursion; depth must be an integer-convertible object or nil. At each level of recursion:

• Each element that is an array is “flattened” (that is, replaced by its individual array elements).

• Each element that is not an array is unchanged (even if the element is an object that has instance method flatten).

With non-negative integer argument depth, flattens recursively through depth levels:

a = [ 0, [ 1, [2, 3], 4 ], 5, {foo: 0}, Set.new([6, 7]) ]
a              # => [0, [1, [2, 3], 4], 5, {:foo=>0}, #<Set: {6, 7}>]
a.flatten(0)   # => [0, [1, [2, 3], 4], 5, {:foo=>0}, #<Set: {6, 7}>]
a.flatten(1  ) # => [0, 1, [2, 3], 4, 5, {:foo=>0}, #<Set: {6, 7}>]
a.flatten(1.1) # => [0, 1, [2, 3], 4, 5, {:foo=>0}, #<Set: {6, 7}>]
a.flatten(2)   # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, {:foo=>0}, #<Set: {6, 7}>]
a.flatten(3)   # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, {:foo=>0}, #<Set: {6, 7}>]

With nil or negative depth, flattens all levels.

a.flatten     # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, {:foo=>0}, #<Set: {6, 7}>]
a.flatten(-1) # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, {:foo=>0}, #<Set: {6, 7}>]

Related: Array#flatten!; see also Methods for Converting.

static VALUE
rb_ary_flatten(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
{
    int level = -1;
    VALUE result;

    if (rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1) && !NIL_P(argv[0])) {
        level = NUM2INT(argv[0]);
        if (level == 0) return ary_make_shared_copy(ary);
    }

    result = flatten(ary, level);
    if (result == ary) {
        result = ary_make_shared_copy(ary);
    }

    return result;
}

Returns self as a recursively flattening of self to depth levels of recursion; depth must be an integer-convertible object, or nil. At each level of recursion:

• Each element that is an array is “flattened” (that is, replaced by its individual array elements).

• Each element that is not an array is unchanged (even if the element is an object that has instance method flatten).

Returns nil if no elements were flattened.

With non-negative integer argument depth, flattens recursively through depth levels:

a = [ 0, [ 1, [2, 3], 4 ], 5, {foo: 0}, Set.new([6, 7]) ]
a                   # => [0, [1, [2, 3], 4], 5, {:foo=>0}, #<Set: {6, 7}>]
a.dup.flatten!(1)   # => [0, 1, [2, 3], 4, 5, {:foo=>0}, #<Set: {6, 7}>]
a.dup.flatten!(1.1) # => [0, 1, [2, 3], 4, 5, {:foo=>0}, #<Set: {6, 7}>]
a.dup.flatten!(2)   # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, {:foo=>0}, #<Set: {6, 7}>]
a.dup.flatten!(3)   # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, {:foo=>0}, #<Set: {6, 7}>]

With nil or negative argument depth, flattens all levels:

a.dup.flatten!     # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, {:foo=>0}, #<Set: {6, 7}>]
a.dup.flatten!(-1) # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, {:foo=>0}, #<Set: {6, 7}>]

Related: Array#flatten; see also Methods for Assigning.

static VALUE
rb_ary_flatten_bang(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
{
    int mod = 0, level = -1;
    VALUE result, lv;

    lv = (rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1) ? argv[0] : Qnil);
    rb_ary_modify_check(ary);
    if (!NIL_P(lv)) level = NUM2INT(lv);
    if (level == 0) return Qnil;

    result = flatten(ary, level);
    if (result == ary) {
        return Qnil;
    }
    if (!(mod = ARY_EMBED_P(result))) rb_ary_freeze(result);
    rb_ary_replace(ary, result);
    if (mod) ARY_SET_EMBED_LEN(result, 0);

    return ary;
}

Freezes self (if not already frozen); returns self:

a = []
a.frozen? # => false
a.freeze
a.frozen? # => true

No further changes may be made to self; raises FrozenError if a change is attempted.

Related: Kernel#frozen?.

VALUE
rb_ary_freeze(VALUE ary)
{
    RUBY_ASSERT(RB_TYPE_P(ary, T_ARRAY));

    if (OBJ_FROZEN(ary)) return ary;

    if (!ARY_EMBED_P(ary) && !ARY_SHARED_P(ary) && !ARY_SHARED_ROOT_P(ary)) {
        ary_shrink_capa(ary);
    }

    return rb_obj_freeze(ary);
}

Returns the integer hash value for self.

Two arrays with the same content will have the same hash value (and will compare using eql?):

['a', 'b'].hash == ['a', 'b'].hash # => true
['a', 'b'].hash == ['a', 'c'].hash # => false
['a', 'b'].hash == ['a'].hash      # => false

static VALUE
rb_ary_hash(VALUE ary)
{
    return rb_ary_hash_values(RARRAY_LEN(ary), RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary));
}

Returns whether for some element element in self, object == element:

[0, 1, 2].include?(2)   # => true
[0, 1, 2].include?(2.0) # => true
[0, 1, 2].include?(2.1) # => false

Related: see Methods for Querying.

VALUE
rb_ary_includes(VALUE ary, VALUE item)
{
    long i;
    VALUE e;

    for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
        e = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
        if (rb_equal(e, item)) {
            return Qtrue;
        }
    }
    return Qfalse;
}

Replaces the elements of self with the elements of other_array, which must be an array-convertible object; returns self:

a = ['a', 'b', 'c']   # => ["a", "b", "c"]
a.replace(['d', 'e']) # => ["d", "e"]

Related: see Methods for Assigning.

VALUE
rb_ary_replace(VALUE copy, VALUE orig)
{
    rb_ary_modify_check(copy);
    orig = to_ary(orig);
    if (copy == orig) return copy;

    rb_ary_reset(copy);

    /* orig has enough space to embed the contents of orig. */
    if (RARRAY_LEN(orig) <= ary_embed_capa(copy)) {
        RUBY_ASSERT(ARY_EMBED_P(copy));
        ary_memcpy(copy, 0, RARRAY_LEN(orig), RARRAY_CONST_PTR(orig));
        ARY_SET_EMBED_LEN(copy, RARRAY_LEN(orig));
    }
    /* orig is embedded but copy does not have enough space to embed the
     * contents of orig. */
    else if (ARY_EMBED_P(orig)) {
        long len = ARY_EMBED_LEN(orig);
        VALUE *ptr = ary_heap_alloc_buffer(len);

        FL_UNSET_EMBED(copy);
        ARY_SET_PTR(copy, ptr);
        ARY_SET_LEN(copy, len);
        ARY_SET_CAPA(copy, len);

        // No allocation and exception expected that could leave `copy` in a
        // bad state from the edits above.
        ary_memcpy(copy, 0, len, RARRAY_CONST_PTR(orig));
    }
    /* Otherwise, orig is on heap and copy does not have enough space to embed
     * the contents of orig. */
    else {
        VALUE shared_root = ary_make_shared(orig);
        FL_UNSET_EMBED(copy);
        ARY_SET_PTR(copy, ARY_HEAP_PTR(orig));
        ARY_SET_LEN(copy, ARY_HEAP_LEN(orig));
        rb_ary_set_shared(copy, shared_root);
    }
    ary_verify(copy);
    return copy;
}

Inserts the given objects as elements of self; returns self.

When index is non-negative, inserts objects before the element at offset index:

a = ['a', 'b', 'c']     # => ["a", "b", "c"]
a.insert(1, :x, :y, :z) # => ["a", :x, :y, :z, "b", "c"]

Extends the array if index is beyond the array (index >= self.size):

a = ['a', 'b', 'c']     # => ["a", "b", "c"]
a.insert(5, :x, :y, :z) # => ["a", "b", "c", nil, nil, :x, :y, :z]

When index is negative, inserts objects after the element at offset index + self.size:

a = ['a', 'b', 'c']      # => ["a", "b", "c"]
a.insert(-2, :x, :y, :z) # => ["a", "b", :x, :y, :z, "c"]

With no objects given, does nothing:

a = ['a', 'b', 'c'] # => ["a", "b", "c"]
a.insert(1)         # => ["a", "b", "c"]
a.insert(50)        # => ["a", "b", "c"]
a.insert(-50)       # => ["a", "b", "c"]

Raises IndexError if objects are given and index is negative and out of range.

Related: see Methods for Assigning.

static VALUE
rb_ary_insert(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
{
    long pos;

    rb_check_arity(argc, 1, UNLIMITED_ARGUMENTS);
    rb_ary_modify_check(ary);
    pos = NUM2LONG(argv[0]);
    if (argc == 1) return ary;
    if (pos == -1) {
        pos = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
    }
    else if (pos < 0) {
        long minpos = -RARRAY_LEN(ary) - 1;
        if (pos < minpos) {
            rb_raise(rb_eIndexError, "index %ld too small for array; minimum: %ld",
                     pos, minpos);
        }
        pos++;
    }
    rb_ary_splice(ary, pos, 0, argv + 1, argc - 1);
    return ary;
}

Returns the new string formed by calling method #inspect on each array element:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.inspect # => "[:foo, \"bar\", 2]"

Related: see Methods for Querying.

static VALUE
rb_ary_inspect(VALUE ary)
{
    if (RARRAY_LEN(ary) == 0) return rb_usascii_str_new2("[]");
    return rb_exec_recursive(inspect_ary, ary, 0);
}

Returns whether other_array has at least one element that is #eql? to some element of self:

[1, 2, 3].intersect?([3, 4, 5]) # => true
[1, 2, 3].intersect?([4, 5, 6]) # => false

Each element must correctly implement method #hash.

Related: see Methods for Querying.

static VALUE
rb_ary_intersect_p(VALUE ary1, VALUE ary2)
{
    VALUE hash, v, result, shorter, longer;
    st_data_t vv;
    long i;

    ary2 = to_ary(ary2);
    if (RARRAY_LEN(ary1) == 0 || RARRAY_LEN(ary2) == 0) return Qfalse;

    if (RARRAY_LEN(ary1) <= SMALL_ARRAY_LEN && RARRAY_LEN(ary2) <= SMALL_ARRAY_LEN) {
        for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary1); i++) {
            v = RARRAY_AREF(ary1, i);
            if (rb_ary_includes_by_eql(ary2, v)) return Qtrue;
        }
        return Qfalse;
    }

    shorter = ary1;
    longer = ary2;
    if (RARRAY_LEN(ary1) > RARRAY_LEN(ary2)) {
        longer = ary1;
        shorter = ary2;
    }

    hash = ary_make_hash(shorter);
    result = Qfalse;

    for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(longer); i++) {
        v = RARRAY_AREF(longer, i);
        vv = (st_data_t)v;
        if (rb_hash_stlike_lookup(hash, vv, 0)) {
            result = Qtrue;
            break;
        }
    }

    return result;
}

Returns a new array containing each element in self that is #eql? to at least one element in each of the given other_arrays; duplicates are omitted:

[0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 3].intersection([0, 1, 2], [0, 1, 3]) # => [0, 1]

Each element must correctly implement method #hash.

Order from self is preserved:

[0, 1, 2].intersection([2, 1, 0]) # => [0, 1, 2]

Returns a copy of self if no arguments are given.

Related: see Methods for Combining.

static VALUE
rb_ary_intersection_multi(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
{
    VALUE result = rb_ary_dup(ary);
    int i;

    for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
        result = rb_ary_and(result, argv[i]);
    }

    return result;
}

Returns the new string formed by joining the converted elements of self; for each element element:

• Converts recursively using element.join(separator) if element is a kind_of?(Array).

• Otherwise, converts using element.to_s.

With no argument given, joins using the output field separator, $,:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
$, # => nil
a.join # => "foobar2"

With string argument separator given, joins using that separator:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.join("\n") # => "foo\nbar\n2"

Joins recursively for nested arrays:

a = [:foo, [:bar, [:baz, :bat]]]
a.join # => "foobarbazbat"

Related: see Methods for Converting.

static VALUE
rb_ary_join_m(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
{
    VALUE sep;

    if (rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1) == 0 || NIL_P(sep = argv[0])) {
        sep = rb_output_fs;
        if (!NIL_P(sep)) {
            rb_category_warn(RB_WARN_CATEGORY_DEPRECATED, "$, is set to non-nil value");
        }
    }

    return rb_ary_join(ary, sep);
}

With a block given, calls the block with each element of self; removes the element from self if the block does not return a truthy value:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2, :bam]
a.keep_if {|element| element.to_s.start_with?('b') } # => ["bar", :bam]

With no block given, returns a new Enumerator.

Related: see Methods for Deleting.

static VALUE
rb_ary_keep_if(VALUE ary)
{
    RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(ary, 0, 0, ary_enum_length);
    rb_ary_select_bang(ary);
    return ary;
}

Returns elements from self, or nil; self is not modified.

With no argument given, returns the last element, or nil if self is empty:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.last # => 2
a # => [:foo, "bar", 2]
[].last # => nil

With non-negative integer argument n is given, returns a new array containing the trailing n elements of self, as available:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.last(2)  # => ["bar", 2]
a.last(50) # => [:foo, "bar", 2]
a.last(0)  # => []
[].last(3) # => []

Related: see Methods for Fetching.

# File array.rb, line 176
def last n = unspecified = true
  if Primitive.mandatory_only?
    Primitive.attr! :leaf
    Primitive.cexpr! %q{ ary_last(self) }
  else
    if unspecified
      Primitive.cexpr! %q{ ary_last(self) }
    else
      Primitive.cexpr! %q{ ary_take_first_or_last_n(self, NUM2LONG(n), ARY_TAKE_LAST) }
    end
  end
end

Returns the count of elements in self:

[0, 1, 2].length # => 3
[].length        # => 0

Related: see Methods for Querying.

static VALUE
rb_ary_length(VALUE ary)
{
    long len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
    return LONG2NUM(len);
}

Returns one of the following:

• The maximum-valued element from self.

• A new array of maximum-valued elements from self.

Does not modify self.

With no block given, each element in self must respond to method #<=> with a numeric.

With no argument and no block, returns the element in self having the maximum value per method #<=>:

[1, 0, 3, 2].max # => 3

With non-negative numeric argument n and no block, returns a new array with at most n elements, in descending order, per method #<=>:

[1, 0, 3, 2].max(3)   # => [3, 2, 1]
[1, 0, 3, 2].max(3.0) # => [3, 2, 1]
[1, 0, 3, 2].max(9)   # => [3, 2, 1, 0]
[1, 0, 3, 2].max(0)   # => []

With a block given, the block must return a numeric.

With a block and no argument, calls the block self.size - 1 times to compare elements; returns the element having the maximum value per the block:

['0', '', '000', '00'].max {|a, b| a.size <=> b.size }
# => "000"

With non-negative numeric argument n and a block, returns a new array with at most n elements, in descending order, per the block:

['0', '', '000', '00'].max(2) {|a, b| a.size <=> b.size }
# => ["000", "00"]

Related: see Methods for Fetching.

static VALUE
rb_ary_max(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
{
    VALUE result = Qundef, v;
    VALUE num;
    long i;

    if (rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1) && !NIL_P(num = argv[0]))
       return rb_nmin_run(ary, num, 0, 1, 1);

    const long n = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
    if (rb_block_given_p()) {
        for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
           v = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
           if (UNDEF_P(result) || rb_cmpint(rb_yield_values(2, v, result), v, result) > 0) {
               result = v;
           }
        }
    }
    else if (n > 0) {
        result = RARRAY_AREF(ary, 0);
        if (n > 1) {
            if (FIXNUM_P(result) && CMP_OPTIMIZABLE(INTEGER)) {
                return ary_max_opt_fixnum(ary, 1, result);
            }
            else if (STRING_P(result) && CMP_OPTIMIZABLE(STRING)) {
                return ary_max_opt_string(ary, 1, result);
            }
            else if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(result) && CMP_OPTIMIZABLE(FLOAT)) {
                return ary_max_opt_float(ary, 1, result);
            }
            else {
                return ary_max_generic(ary, 1, result);
            }
        }
    }
    if (UNDEF_P(result)) return Qnil;
    return result;
}

Returns one of the following:

• The minimum-valued element from self.

• A new array of minimum-valued elements from self.

Does not modify self.

With no block given, each element in self must respond to method #<=> with a numeric.

With no argument and no block, returns the element in self having the minimum value per method #<=>:

[1, 0, 3, 2].min # => 0

With non-negative numeric argument n and no block, returns a new array with at most n elements, in ascending order, per method #<=>:

[1, 0, 3, 2].min(3)   # => [0, 1, 2]
[1, 0, 3, 2].min(3.0) # => [0, 1, 2]
[1, 0, 3, 2].min(9)   # => [0, 1, 2, 3]
[1, 0, 3, 2].min(0)   # => []

With a block given, the block must return a numeric.

With a block and no argument, calls the block self.size - 1 times to compare elements; returns the element having the minimum value per the block:

['0', '', '000', '00'].min {|a, b| a.size <=> b.size }
# => ""

With non-negative numeric argument n and a block, returns a new array with at most n elements, in ascending order, per the block:

['0', '', '000', '00'].min(2) {|a, b| a.size <=> b.size }
# => ["", "0"]

Related: see Methods for Fetching.

static VALUE
rb_ary_min(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
{
    VALUE result = Qundef, v;
    VALUE num;
    long i;

    if (rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1) && !NIL_P(num = argv[0]))
       return rb_nmin_run(ary, num, 0, 0, 1);

    const long n = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
    if (rb_block_given_p()) {
        for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
           v = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
           if (UNDEF_P(result) || rb_cmpint(rb_yield_values(2, v, result), v, result) < 0) {
               result = v;
           }
        }
    }
    else if (n > 0) {
        result = RARRAY_AREF(ary, 0);
        if (n > 1) {
            if (FIXNUM_P(result) && CMP_OPTIMIZABLE(INTEGER)) {
                return ary_min_opt_fixnum(ary, 1, result);
            }
            else if (STRING_P(result) && CMP_OPTIMIZABLE(STRING)) {
                return ary_min_opt_string(ary, 1, result);
            }
            else if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(result) && CMP_OPTIMIZABLE(FLOAT)) {
                return ary_min_opt_float(ary, 1, result);
            }
            else {
                return ary_min_generic(ary, 1, result);
            }
        }
    }
    if (UNDEF_P(result)) return Qnil;
    return result;
}

Returns a 2-element array containing the minimum-valued and maximum-valued elements from self; does not modify self.

With no block given, the minimum and maximum values are determined using method #<=>:

[1, 0, 3, 2].minmax # => [0, 3]

With a block given, the block must return a numeric; the block is called self.size - 1 times to compare elements; returns the elements having the minimum and maximum values per the block:

['0', '', '000', '00'].minmax {|a, b| a.size <=> b.size }
# => ["", "000"]

Related: see Methods for Fetching.

static VALUE
rb_ary_minmax(VALUE ary)
{
    if (rb_block_given_p()) {
        return rb_call_super(0, NULL);
    }
    return rb_assoc_new(rb_ary_min(0, 0, ary), rb_ary_max(0, 0, ary));
}

Returns true if no element of self meets a given criterion, false otherwise.

With no block given and no argument, returns true if self has no truthy elements, false otherwise:

[nil, false].none?    # => true
[nil, 0, false].none? # => false
[].none?              # => true

With argument object given, returns false if for any element element, object === element; true otherwise:

['food', 'drink'].none?(/bar/) # => true
['food', 'drink'].none?(/foo/) # => false
[].none?(/foo/)                # => true
[0, 1, 2].none?(3)             # => true
[0, 1, 2].none?(1)             # => false

With a block given, calls the block with each element in self; returns true if the block returns no truthy value, false otherwise:

[0, 1, 2].none? {|element| element > 3 } # => true
[0, 1, 2].none? {|element| element > 1 } # => false

Related: see Methods for Querying.

static VALUE
rb_ary_none_p(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
{
    long i, len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);

    rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1);
    if (!len) return Qtrue;
    if (argc) {
        if (rb_block_given_p()) {
            rb_warn("given block not used");
        }
        for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); ++i) {
            if (RTEST(rb_funcall(argv[0], idEqq, 1, RARRAY_AREF(ary, i)))) return Qfalse;
        }
    }
    else if (!rb_block_given_p()) {
        for (i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
            if (RTEST(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i))) return Qfalse;
        }
    }
    else {
        for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); ++i) {
            if (RTEST(rb_yield(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i)))) return Qfalse;
        }
    }
    return Qtrue;
}

Returns true if exactly one element of self meets a given criterion.

With no block given and no argument, returns true if self has exactly one truthy element, false otherwise:

[nil, 0].one? # => true
[0, 0].one? # => false
[nil, nil].one? # => false
[].one? # => false

With a block given, calls the block with each element in self; returns true if the block a truthy value for exactly one element, false otherwise:

[0, 1, 2].one? {|element| element > 0 } # => false
[0, 1, 2].one? {|element| element > 1 } # => true
[0, 1, 2].one? {|element| element > 2 } # => false

With argument object given, returns true if for exactly one element element, object === element; false otherwise:

[0, 1, 2].one?(0) # => true
[0, 0, 1].one?(0) # => false
[1, 1, 2].one?(0) # => false
['food', 'drink'].one?(/bar/) # => false
['food', 'drink'].one?(/foo/) # => true
[].one?(/foo/) # => false

Related: see Methods for Querying.

static VALUE
rb_ary_one_p(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
{
    long i, len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
    VALUE result = Qfalse;

    rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1);
    if (!len) return Qfalse;
    if (argc) {
        if (rb_block_given_p()) {
            rb_warn("given block not used");
        }
        for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); ++i) {
            if (RTEST(rb_funcall(argv[0], idEqq, 1, RARRAY_AREF(ary, i)))) {
                if (result) return Qfalse;
                result = Qtrue;
            }
        }
    }
    else if (!rb_block_given_p()) {
        for (i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
            if (RTEST(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i))) {
                if (result) return Qfalse;
                result = Qtrue;
            }
        }
    }
    else {
        for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); ++i) {
            if (RTEST(rb_yield(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i)))) {
                if (result) return Qfalse;
                result = Qtrue;
            }
        }
    }
    return result;
}

Formats each element in self into a binary string; returns that string. See Packed Data.

# File pack.rb, line 7
def pack(fmt, buffer: nil)
  Primitive.pack_pack(fmt, buffer)
end

When invoked with a block, yield all permutations of elements of self; returns self. The order of permutations is indeterminate.

When a block and an in-range positive Integer argument n (0 < n <= self.size) are given, calls the block with all n-tuple permutations of self.

Example:

a = [0, 1, 2]
a.permutation(2) {|permutation| p permutation }

Output:

[0, 1]
[0, 2]
[1, 0]
[1, 2]
[2, 0]
[2, 1]

Another example:

a = [0, 1, 2]
a.permutation(3) {|permutation| p permutation }

Output:

[0, 1, 2]
[0, 2, 1]
[1, 0, 2]
[1, 2, 0]
[2, 0, 1]
[2, 1, 0]

When n is zero, calls the block once with a new empty Array:

a = [0, 1, 2]
a.permutation(0) {|permutation| p permutation }

Output:

[]

When n is out of range (negative or larger than self.size), does not call the block:

a = [0, 1, 2]
a.permutation(-1) {|permutation| fail 'Cannot happen' }
a.permutation(4) {|permutation| fail 'Cannot happen' }

When a block given but no argument, behaves the same as a.permutation(a.size):

a = [0, 1, 2]
a.permutation {|permutation| p permutation }

Output:

[0, 1, 2]
[0, 2, 1]
[1, 0, 2]
[1, 2, 0]
[2, 0, 1]
[2, 1, 0]

Returns a new Enumerator if no block given:

a = [0, 1, 2]
a.permutation # => #<Enumerator: [0, 1, 2]:permutation>
a.permutation(2) # => #<Enumerator: [0, 1, 2]:permutation(2)>

static VALUE
rb_ary_permutation(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
{
    long r, n, i;

    n = RARRAY_LEN(ary);                  /* Array length */
    RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(ary, argc, argv, rb_ary_permutation_size);   /* Return enumerator if no block */
    r = n;
    if (rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1) && !NIL_P(argv[0]))
        r = NUM2LONG(argv[0]);            /* Permutation size from argument */

    if (r < 0 || n < r) {
        /* no permutations: yield nothing */
    }
    else if (r == 0) { /* exactly one permutation: the zero-length array */
        rb_yield(rb_ary_new2(0));
    }
    else if (r == 1) { /* this is a special, easy case */
        for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
            rb_yield(rb_ary_new3(1, RARRAY_AREF(ary, i)));
        }
    }
    else {             /* this is the general case */
        volatile VALUE t0;
        long *p = ALLOCV_N(long, t0, r+roomof(n, sizeof(long)));
        char *used = (char*)(p + r);
        VALUE ary0 = ary_make_shared_copy(ary); /* private defensive copy of ary */
        RBASIC_CLEAR_CLASS(ary0);

        MEMZERO(used, char, n); /* initialize array */

        permute0(n, r, p, used, ary0); /* compute and yield permutations */
        ALLOCV_END(t0);
        RBASIC_SET_CLASS_RAW(ary0, rb_cArray);
    }
    return ary;
}

Removes and returns trailing elements.

When no argument is given and self is not empty, removes and returns the last element:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.pop # => 2
a # => [:foo, "bar"]

Returns nil if the array is empty.

When a non-negative Integer argument n is given and is in range,

removes and returns the last n elements in a new Array:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.pop(2) # => ["bar", 2]

If n is positive and out of range, removes and returns all elements:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.pop(50) # => [:foo, "bar", 2]

Related: push, shift, unshift.

static VALUE
rb_ary_pop_m(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
{
    VALUE result;

    if (argc == 0) {
        return rb_ary_pop(ary);
    }

    rb_ary_modify_check(ary);
    result = ary_take_first_or_last(argc, argv, ary, ARY_TAKE_LAST);
    ARY_INCREASE_LEN(ary, -RARRAY_LEN(result));
    ary_verify(ary);
    return result;
}

Computes and returns or yields all combinations of elements from all the Arrays, including both self and other_arrays:

• The number of combinations is the product of the sizes of all the arrays, including both self and other_arrays.

• The order of the returned combinations is indeterminate.

When no block is given, returns the combinations as an Array of Arrays:

a = [0, 1, 2]
a1 = [3, 4]
a2 = [5, 6]
p = a.product(a1)
p.size # => 6 # a.size * a1.size
p # => [[0, 3], [0, 4], [1, 3], [1, 4], [2, 3], [2, 4]]
p = a.product(a1, a2)
p.size # => 12 # a.size * a1.size * a2.size
p # => [[0, 3, 5], [0, 3, 6], [0, 4, 5], [0, 4, 6], [1, 3, 5], [1, 3, 6], [1, 4, 5], [1, 4, 6], [2, 3, 5], [2, 3, 6], [2, 4, 5], [2, 4, 6]]

If any argument is an empty Array, returns an empty Array.

If no argument is given, returns an Array of 1-element Arrays, each containing an element of self:

a.product # => [[0], [1], [2]]

When a block is given, yields each combination as an Array; returns self:

a.product(a1) {|combination| p combination }

Output:

[0, 3]
[0, 4]
[1, 3]
[1, 4]
[2, 3]
[2, 4]

If any argument is an empty Array, does not call the block:

a.product(a1, a2, []) {|combination| fail 'Cannot happen' }

If no argument is given, yields each element of self as a 1-element Array:

a.product {|combination| p combination }

Output:

[0]
[1]
[2]

static VALUE
rb_ary_product(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
{
    int n = argc+1;    /* How many arrays we're operating on */
    volatile VALUE t0 = rb_ary_hidden_new(n);
    volatile VALUE t1 = Qundef;
    VALUE *arrays = RARRAY_PTR(t0); /* The arrays we're computing the product of */
    int *counters = ALLOCV_N(int, t1, n); /* The current position in each one */
    VALUE result = Qnil;      /* The array we'll be returning, when no block given */
    long i,j;
    long resultlen = 1;

    RBASIC_CLEAR_CLASS(t0);

    /* initialize the arrays of arrays */
    ARY_SET_LEN(t0, n);
    arrays[0] = ary;
    for (i = 1; i < n; i++) arrays[i] = Qnil;
    for (i = 1; i < n; i++) arrays[i] = to_ary(argv[i-1]);

    /* initialize the counters for the arrays */
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) counters[i] = 0;

    /* Otherwise, allocate and fill in an array of results */
    if (rb_block_given_p()) {
        /* Make defensive copies of arrays; exit if any is empty */
        for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            if (RARRAY_LEN(arrays[i]) == 0) goto done;
            arrays[i] = ary_make_shared_copy(arrays[i]);
        }
    }
    else {
        /* Compute the length of the result array; return [] if any is empty */
        for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            long k = RARRAY_LEN(arrays[i]);
            if (k == 0) {
                result = rb_ary_new2(0);
                goto done;
            }
            if (MUL_OVERFLOW_LONG_P(resultlen, k))
                rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "too big to product");
            resultlen *= k;
        }
        result = rb_ary_new2(resultlen);
    }
    for (;;) {
        int m;
        /* fill in one subarray */
        VALUE subarray = rb_ary_new2(n);
        for (j = 0; j < n; j++) {
            rb_ary_push(subarray, rb_ary_entry(arrays[j], counters[j]));
        }

        /* put it on the result array */
        if (NIL_P(result)) {
            FL_SET(t0, RARRAY_SHARED_ROOT_FLAG);
            rb_yield(subarray);
            if (!FL_TEST(t0, RARRAY_SHARED_ROOT_FLAG)) {
                rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "product reentered");
            }
            else {
                FL_UNSET(t0, RARRAY_SHARED_ROOT_FLAG);
            }
        }
        else {
            rb_ary_push(result, subarray);
        }

        /*
         * Increment the last counter.  If it overflows, reset to 0
         * and increment the one before it.
         */
        m = n-1;
        counters[m]++;
        while (counters[m] == RARRAY_LEN(arrays[m])) {
            counters[m] = 0;
            /* If the first counter overflows, we are done */
            if (--m < 0) goto done;
            counters[m]++;
        }
    }

done:
    ALLOCV_END(t1);

    return NIL_P(result) ? ary : result;
}

Appends each argument in objects to self; returns self:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2] # => [:foo, "bar", 2]
a.push(:baz, :bat)   # => [:foo, "bar", 2, :baz, :bat]

Appends each argument as a single element, even if it is another array:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]               # => [:foo, "bar", 2]
a.push([:baz, :bat], [:bam, :bad]) # => [:foo, "bar", 2, [:baz, :bat], [:bam, :bad]]

Related: see Methods for Assigning.

static VALUE
rb_ary_push_m(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
{
    return rb_ary_cat(ary, argv, argc);
}

Returns the first element in self that is an Array whose second element == obj:

a = [{foo: 0}, [2, 4], [4, 5, 6], [4, 5]]
a.rassoc(4) # => [2, 4]

Returns nil if no such element is found.

Related: assoc.

VALUE
rb_ary_rassoc(VALUE ary, VALUE value)
{
    long i;
    VALUE v;

    for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); ++i) {
        v = rb_check_array_type(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i));
        if (RB_TYPE_P(v, T_ARRAY) &&
            RARRAY_LEN(v) > 1 &&
            rb_equal(RARRAY_AREF(v, 1), value))
            return v;
    }
    return Qnil;
}

Returns a new Array whose elements are all those from self for which the block returns false or nil:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2, 'bat']
a1 = a.reject {|element| element.to_s.start_with?('b') }
a1 # => [:foo, 2]

Returns a new Enumerator if no block given:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.reject # => #<Enumerator: [:foo, "bar", 2]:reject>

static VALUE
rb_ary_reject(VALUE ary)
{
    VALUE rejected_ary;

    RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(ary, 0, 0, ary_enum_length);
    rejected_ary = rb_ary_new();
    ary_reject(ary, rejected_ary);
    return rejected_ary;
}

Removes each element for which the block returns a truthy value.

Returns self if any elements removed:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2, 'bat']
a.reject! {|element| element.to_s.start_with?('b') } # => [:foo, 2]

Returns nil if no elements removed.

Returns a new Enumerator if no block given:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.reject! # => #<Enumerator: [:foo, "bar", 2]:reject!>

static VALUE
rb_ary_reject_bang(VALUE ary)
{
    RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(ary, 0, 0, ary_enum_length);
    rb_ary_modify(ary);
    return ary_reject_bang(ary);
}

Calls the block with each repeated combination of length n of the elements of self; each combination is an Array; returns self. The order of the combinations is indeterminate.

When a block and a positive Integer argument n are given, calls the block with each n-tuple repeated combination of the elements of self. The number of combinations is (n+1)(n+2)/2.

n = 1:

a = [0, 1, 2]
a.repeated_combination(1) {|combination| p combination }

Output:

[0]
[1]
[2]

n = 2:

a.repeated_combination(2) {|combination| p combination }

Output:

[0, 0]
[0, 1]
[0, 2]
[1, 1]
[1, 2]
[2, 2]

If n is zero, calls the block once with an empty Array.

If n is negative, does not call the block:

a.repeated_combination(-1) {|combination| fail 'Cannot happen' }

Returns a new Enumerator if no block given:

a = [0, 1, 2]
a.repeated_combination(2) # => #<Enumerator: [0, 1, 2]:combination(2)>

Using Enumerators, it’s convenient to show the combinations and counts for some values of n:

e = a.repeated_combination(0)
e.size # => 1
e.to_a # => [[]]
e = a.repeated_combination(1)
e.size # => 3
e.to_a # => [[0], [1], [2]]
e = a.repeated_combination(2)
e.size # => 6
e.to_a # => [[0, 0], [0, 1], [0, 2], [1, 1], [1, 2], [2, 2]]

static VALUE
rb_ary_repeated_combination(VALUE ary, VALUE num)
{
    long n, i, len;

    n = NUM2LONG(num);                 /* Combination size from argument */
    RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(ary, 1, &num, rb_ary_repeated_combination_size);   /* Return enumerator if no block */
    len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
    if (n < 0) {
        /* yield nothing */
    }
    else if (n == 0) {
        rb_yield(rb_ary_new2(0));
    }
    else if (n == 1) {
        for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
            rb_yield(rb_ary_new3(1, RARRAY_AREF(ary, i)));
        }
    }
    else if (len == 0) {
        /* yield nothing */
    }
    else {
        volatile VALUE t0;
        long *p = ALLOCV_N(long, t0, n);
        VALUE ary0 = ary_make_shared_copy(ary); /* private defensive copy of ary */
        RBASIC_CLEAR_CLASS(ary0);

        rcombinate0(len, n, p, n, ary0); /* compute and yield repeated combinations */
        ALLOCV_END(t0);
        RBASIC_SET_CLASS_RAW(ary0, rb_cArray);
    }
    return ary;
}

Calls the block with each repeated permutation of length n of the elements of self; each permutation is an Array; returns self. The order of the permutations is indeterminate.

When a block and a positive Integer argument n are given, calls the block with each n-tuple repeated permutation of the elements of self. The number of permutations is self.size**n.

n = 1:

a = [0, 1, 2]
a.repeated_permutation(1) {|permutation| p permutation }

Output:

[0]
[1]
[2]

n = 2:

a.repeated_permutation(2) {|permutation| p permutation }

Output:

[0, 0]
[0, 1]
[0, 2]
[1, 0]
[1, 1]
[1, 2]
[2, 0]
[2, 1]
[2, 2]

If n is zero, calls the block once with an empty Array.

If n is negative, does not call the block:

a.repeated_permutation(-1) {|permutation| fail 'Cannot happen' }

Returns a new Enumerator if no block given:

a = [0, 1, 2]
a.repeated_permutation(2) # => #<Enumerator: [0, 1, 2]:permutation(2)>

Using Enumerators, it’s convenient to show the permutations and counts for some values of n:

e = a.repeated_permutation(0)
e.size # => 1
e.to_a # => [[]]
e = a.repeated_permutation(1)
e.size # => 3
e.to_a # => [[0], [1], [2]]
e = a.repeated_permutation(2)
e.size # => 9
e.to_a # => [[0, 0], [0, 1], [0, 2], [1, 0], [1, 1], [1, 2], [2, 0], [2, 1], [2, 2]]

static VALUE
rb_ary_repeated_permutation(VALUE ary, VALUE num)
{
    long r, n, i;

    n = RARRAY_LEN(ary);                  /* Array length */
    RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(ary, 1, &num, rb_ary_repeated_permutation_size);      /* Return Enumerator if no block */
    r = NUM2LONG(num);                    /* Permutation size from argument */

    if (r < 0) {
        /* no permutations: yield nothing */
    }
    else if (r == 0) { /* exactly one permutation: the zero-length array */
        rb_yield(rb_ary_new2(0));
    }
    else if (r == 1) { /* this is a special, easy case */
        for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
            rb_yield(rb_ary_new3(1, RARRAY_AREF(ary, i)));
        }
    }
    else {             /* this is the general case */
        volatile VALUE t0;
        long *p = ALLOCV_N(long, t0, r);
        VALUE ary0 = ary_make_shared_copy(ary); /* private defensive copy of ary */
        RBASIC_CLEAR_CLASS(ary0);

        rpermute0(n, r, p, ary0); /* compute and yield repeated permutations */
        ALLOCV_END(t0);
        RBASIC_SET_CLASS_RAW(ary0, rb_cArray);
    }
    return ary;
}

Returns a new Array with the elements of self in reverse order:

a = ['foo', 'bar', 'two']
a1 = a.reverse
a1 # => ["two", "bar", "foo"]

static VALUE
rb_ary_reverse_m(VALUE ary)
{
    long len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
    VALUE dup = rb_ary_new2(len);

    if (len > 0) {
        const VALUE *p1 = RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary);
        VALUE *p2 = (VALUE *)RARRAY_CONST_PTR(dup) + len - 1;
        do *p2-- = *p1++; while (--len > 0);
    }
    ARY_SET_LEN(dup, RARRAY_LEN(ary));
    return dup;
}

Reverses self in place:

a = ['foo', 'bar', 'two']
a.reverse! # => ["two", "bar", "foo"]

static VALUE
rb_ary_reverse_bang(VALUE ary)
{
    return rb_ary_reverse(ary);
}

Iterates backwards over array elements.

When a block given, passes, in reverse order, each element to the block; returns self:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.reverse_each {|element|  puts "#{element.class} #{element}" }

Output:

Integer 2
String bar
Symbol foo

Allows the array to be modified during iteration:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.reverse_each {|element| puts element; a.clear if element.to_s.start_with?('b') }

Output:

2
bar

When no block given, returns a new Enumerator:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
e = a.reverse_each
e # => #<Enumerator: [:foo, "bar", 2]:reverse_each>
a1 = e.each {|element|  puts "#{element.class} #{element}" }

Output:

Integer 2
String bar
Symbol foo

Related: each, each_index.

static VALUE
rb_ary_reverse_each(VALUE ary)
{
    long len;

    RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(ary, 0, 0, ary_enum_length);
    len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
    while (len--) {
        long nlen;
        rb_yield(RARRAY_AREF(ary, len));
        nlen = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
        if (nlen < len) {
            len = nlen;
        }
    }
    return ary;
}

Returns the index of the last element for which object == element.

When argument object is given but no block, returns the index of the last such element found:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2, 'bar']
a.rindex('bar') # => 3

Returns nil if no such object found.

When a block is given but no argument, calls the block with each successive element; returns the index of the last element for which the block returns a truthy value:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2, 'bar']
a.rindex {|element| element == 'bar' } # => 3

Returns nil if the block never returns a truthy value.

When neither an argument nor a block is given, returns a new Enumerator:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2, 'bar']
e = a.rindex
e # => #<Enumerator: [:foo, "bar", 2, "bar"]:rindex>
e.each {|element| element == 'bar' } # => 3

Related: index.

static VALUE
rb_ary_rindex(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
{
    VALUE val;
    long i = RARRAY_LEN(ary), len;

    if (argc == 0) {
        RETURN_ENUMERATOR(ary, 0, 0);
        while (i--) {
            if (RTEST(rb_yield(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i))))
                return LONG2NUM(i);
            if (i > (len = RARRAY_LEN(ary))) {
                i = len;
            }
        }
        return Qnil;
    }
    rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1);
    val = argv[0];
    if (rb_block_given_p())
        rb_warn("given block not used");
    while (i--) {
        VALUE e = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
        if (rb_equal(e, val)) {
            return LONG2NUM(i);
        }
        if (i > RARRAY_LEN(ary)) {
            break;
        }
    }
    return Qnil;
}

Returns a new Array formed from self with elements rotated from one end to the other.

When no argument given, returns a new Array that is like self, except that the first element has been rotated to the last position:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2, 'bar']
a1 = a.rotate
a1 # => ["bar", 2, "bar", :foo]

When given a non-negative Integer count, returns a new Array with count elements rotated from the beginning to the end:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a1 = a.rotate(2)
a1 # => [2, :foo, "bar"]

If count is large, uses count % array.size as the count:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a1 = a.rotate(20)
a1 # => [2, :foo, "bar"]

If count is zero, returns a copy of self, unmodified:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a1 = a.rotate(0)
a1 # => [:foo, "bar", 2]

When given a negative Integer count, rotates in the opposite direction, from end to beginning:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a1 = a.rotate(-2)
a1 # => ["bar", 2, :foo]

If count is small (far from zero), uses count % array.size as the count:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a1 = a.rotate(-5)
a1 # => ["bar", 2, :foo]

static VALUE
rb_ary_rotate_m(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
{
    VALUE rotated;
    const VALUE *ptr;
    long len;
    long cnt = (rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1) ? NUM2LONG(argv[0]) : 1);

    len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
    rotated = rb_ary_new2(len);
    if (len > 0) {
        cnt = rotate_count(cnt, len);
        ptr = RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary);
        len -= cnt;
        ary_memcpy(rotated, 0, len, ptr + cnt);
        ary_memcpy(rotated, len, cnt, ptr);
    }
    ARY_SET_LEN(rotated, RARRAY_LEN(ary));
    return rotated;
}

Rotates self in place by moving elements from one end to the other; returns self.

When no argument given, rotates the first element to the last position:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2, 'bar']
a.rotate! # => ["bar", 2, "bar", :foo]

When given a non-negative Integer count, rotates count elements from the beginning to the end:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.rotate!(2)
a # => [2, :foo, "bar"]

If count is large, uses count % array.size as the count:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.rotate!(20)
a # => [2, :foo, "bar"]

If count is zero, returns self unmodified:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.rotate!(0)
a # => [:foo, "bar", 2]

When given a negative Integer count, rotates in the opposite direction, from end to beginning:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.rotate!(-2)
a # => ["bar", 2, :foo]

If count is small (far from zero), uses count % array.size as the count:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.rotate!(-5)
a # => ["bar", 2, :foo]

static VALUE
rb_ary_rotate_bang(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
{
    long n = (rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1) ? NUM2LONG(argv[0]) : 1);
    rb_ary_rotate(ary, n);
    return ary;
}

Returns random elements from self.

When no arguments are given, returns a random element from self:

a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
a.sample # => 3
a.sample # => 8

If self is empty, returns nil.

When argument n is given, returns a new Array containing n random elements from self:

a.sample(3) # => [8, 9, 2]
a.sample(6) # => [9, 6, 10, 3, 1, 4]

Returns no more than a.size elements (because no new duplicates are introduced):

a.sample(a.size * 2) # => [6, 4, 1, 8, 5, 9, 10, 2, 3, 7]

But self may contain duplicates:

a = [1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3]
a.sample(a.size * 2) # => [1, 1, 3, 2, 1, 2]

The argument n must be a non-negative numeric value. The order of the result array is unrelated to the order of self. Returns a new empty Array if self is empty.

The optional random argument will be used as the random number generator:

a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
a.sample(random: Random.new(1))     #=> 6
a.sample(4, random: Random.new(1))  #=> [6, 10, 9, 2]

# File array.rb, line 105
def sample(n = (ary = false), random: Random)
  if Primitive.mandatory_only?
    # Primitive.cexpr! %{ rb_ary_sample(self, rb_cRandom, Qfalse, Qfalse) }
    Primitive.ary_sample0
  else
    # Primitive.cexpr! %{ rb_ary_sample(self, random, n, ary) }
    Primitive.ary_sample(random, n, ary)
  end
end

With a block given, calls the block with each element of self; returns a new array containing those elements of self for which the block returns a truthy value:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2, :bam]
a.select {|element| element.to_s.start_with?('b') }
# => ["bar", :bam]

With no block given, returns a new Enumerator.

Related: see Methods for Fetching.

static VALUE
rb_ary_select(VALUE ary)
{
    VALUE result;
    long i;

    RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(ary, 0, 0, ary_enum_length);
    result = rb_ary_new2(RARRAY_LEN(ary));
    for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
        if (RTEST(rb_yield(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i)))) {
            rb_ary_push(result, rb_ary_elt(ary, i));
        }
    }
    return result;
}

With a block given, calls the block with each element of self; removes from self those elements for which the block returns false or nil.

Returns self if any elements were removed:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2, :bam]
a.select! {|element| element.to_s.start_with?('b') } # => ["bar", :bam]

Returns nil if no elements were removed.

With no block given, returns a new Enumerator.

Related: see Methods for Deleting.

static VALUE
rb_ary_select_bang(VALUE ary)
{
    struct select_bang_arg args;

    RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(ary, 0, 0, ary_enum_length);
    rb_ary_modify(ary);

    args.ary = ary;
    args.len[0] = args.len[1] = 0;
    return rb_ensure(select_bang_i, (VALUE)&args, select_bang_ensure, (VALUE)&args);
}

Builds a command line string from an argument list array joining all elements escaped for the Bourne shell and separated by a space.

See Shellwords.shelljoin for details.

# File lib/shellwords.rb, line 236
def shelljoin
  Shellwords.join(self)
end

Removes and returns leading elements.

When no argument is given, removes and returns the first element:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.shift # => :foo
a # => ['bar', 2]

Returns nil if self is empty.

When positive Integer argument n is given, removes the first n elements; returns those elements in a new Array:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.shift(2) # => [:foo, 'bar']
a # => [2]

If n is as large as or larger than self.length, removes all elements; returns those elements in a new Array:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.shift(3) # => [:foo, 'bar', 2]

If n is zero, returns a new empty Array; self is unmodified.

Related: push, pop, unshift.

static VALUE
rb_ary_shift_m(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
{
    VALUE result;
    long n;

    if (argc == 0) {
        return rb_ary_shift(ary);
    }

    rb_ary_modify_check(ary);
    result = ary_take_first_or_last(argc, argv, ary, ARY_TAKE_FIRST);
    n = RARRAY_LEN(result);
    rb_ary_behead(ary,n);

    return result;
}

Returns a new array with elements of self shuffled.

a = [1, 2, 3] #=> [1, 2, 3]
a.shuffle     #=> [2, 3, 1]
a             #=> [1, 2, 3]

The optional random argument will be used as the random number generator:

a.shuffle(random: Random.new(1))  #=> [1, 3, 2]

# File array.rb, line 71
def shuffle(random: Random)
  Primitive.rb_ary_shuffle(random)
end

Shuffles the elements of self in place.

a = [1, 2, 3] #=> [1, 2, 3]
a.shuffle!    #=> [2, 3, 1]
a             #=> [2, 3, 1]

The optional random argument will be used as the random number generator:

a.shuffle!(random: Random.new(1))  #=> [1, 3, 2]

# File array.rb, line 57
def shuffle!(random: Random)
  Primitive.rb_ary_shuffle_bang(random)
end