class Net::HTTP

Class Net::HTTP provides a rich library that implements the client in a client-server model that uses the HTTP request-response protocol. For information about HTTP, see:

About the Examples¶ ↑

Examples here assume that net/http has been required (which also requires uri):

require 'net/http'

Many code examples here use these example websites:

Some examples also assume these variables:

uri = URI('https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/')
uri.freeze # Examples may not modify.
hostname = uri.hostname # => "jsonplaceholder.typicode.com"
path = uri.path         # => "/"
port = uri.port         # => 443

So that example requests may be written as:

Net::HTTP.get(uri)
Net::HTTP.get(hostname, '/index.html')
Net::HTTP.start(hostname) do |http|
  http.get('/todos/1')
  http.get('/todos/2')
end

An example that needs a modified URI first duplicates uri, then modifies the duplicate:

_uri = uri.dup
_uri.path = '/todos/1'

Strategies¶ ↑

If you will make only a few GET requests, consider using OpenURI.

If you will make only a few requests of all kinds, consider using the various singleton convenience methods in this class. Each of the following methods automatically starts and finishes a session that sends a single request:

# Return string response body.
Net::HTTP.get(hostname, path)
Net::HTTP.get(uri)

# Write string response body to $stdout.
Net::HTTP.get_print(hostname, path)
Net::HTTP.get_print(uri)

# Return response as Net::HTTPResponse object.
Net::HTTP.get_response(hostname, path)
Net::HTTP.get_response(uri)
data = '{"title": "foo", "body": "bar", "userId": 1}'
Net::HTTP.post(uri, data)
params = {title: 'foo', body: 'bar', userId: 1}
Net::HTTP.post_form(uri, params)
data = '{"title": "foo", "body": "bar", "userId": 1}'
Net::HTTP.put(uri, data)

If performance is important, consider using sessions, which lower request overhead. This session has multiple requests for HTTP methods and WebDAV methods:

Net::HTTP.start(hostname) do |http|
  # Session started automatically before block execution.
  http.get(path)
  http.head(path)
  body = 'Some text'
  http.post(path, body)  # Can also have a block.
  http.put(path, body)
  http.delete(path)
  http.options(path)
  http.trace(path)
  http.patch(path, body) # Can also have a block.
  http.copy(path)
  http.lock(path, body)
  http.mkcol(path, body)
  http.move(path)
  http.propfind(path, body)
  http.proppatch(path, body)
  http.unlock(path, body)
  # Session finished automatically at block exit.
end

The methods cited above are convenience methods that, via their few arguments, allow minimal control over the requests. For greater control, consider using request objects.

URIs¶ ↑

On the internet, a URI (Universal Resource Identifier) is a string that identifies a particular resource. It consists of some or all of: scheme, hostname, path, query, and fragment; see URI syntax.

A Ruby URI::Generic object represents an internet URI. It provides, among others, methods scheme, hostname, path, query, and fragment.

Schemes¶ ↑

An internet URI has a scheme.

The two schemes supported in Net::HTTP are 'https' and 'http':

uri.scheme                       # => "https"
URI('http://example.com').scheme # => "http"

Hostnames¶ ↑

A hostname identifies a server (host) to which requests may be sent:

hostname = uri.hostname # => "jsonplaceholder.typicode.com"
Net::HTTP.start(hostname) do |http|
  # Some HTTP stuff.
end

Paths¶ ↑

A host-specific path identifies a resource on the host:

_uri = uri.dup
_uri.path = '/todos/1'
hostname = _uri.hostname
path = _uri.path
Net::HTTP.get(hostname, path)

Queries¶ ↑

A host-specific query adds name/value pairs to the URI:

_uri = uri.dup
params = {userId: 1, completed: false}
_uri.query = URI.encode_www_form(params)
_uri # => #<URI::HTTPS https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com?userId=1&completed=false>
Net::HTTP.get(_uri)

Fragments¶ ↑

A URI fragment has no effect in Net::HTTP; the same data is returned, regardless of whether a fragment is included.

Request Headers¶ ↑

Request headers may be used to pass additional information to the host, similar to arguments passed in a method call; each header is a name/value pair.

Each of the Net::HTTP methods that sends a request to the host has optional argument headers, where the headers are expressed as a hash of field-name/value pairs:

headers = {Accept: 'application/json', Connection: 'Keep-Alive'}
Net::HTTP.get(uri, headers)

See lists of both standard request fields and common request fields at Request Fields. A host may also accept other custom fields.

HTTP Sessions¶ ↑

A session is a connection between a server (host) and a client that:

Is begun by instance method Net::HTTP#start.
May contain any number of requests.
Is ended by instance method Net::HTTP#finish.

See example sessions at Strategies.

Session Using Net::HTTP.start¶ ↑

If you have many requests to make to a single host (and port), consider using singleton method Net::HTTP.start with a block; the method handles the session automatically by:

Calling start before block execution.
Executing the block.
Calling finish after block execution.

In the block, you can use these instance methods, each of which that sends a single request:

HTTP methods:
- get, request_get: GET.
- head, request_head: HEAD.
- post, request_post: POST.
- delete: DELETE.
- options: OPTIONS.
- trace: TRACE.
- patch: PATCH.
WebDAV methods:
- copy: COPY.
- lock: LOCK.
- mkcol: MKCOL.
- move: MOVE.
- propfind: PROPFIND.
- proppatch: PROPPATCH.
- unlock: UNLOCK.

Session Using Net::HTTP.start and Net::HTTP.finish¶ ↑

You can manage a session manually using methods start and finish:

http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
http.start
http.get('/todos/1')
http.get('/todos/2')
http.delete('/posts/1')
http.finish # Needed to free resources.

Single-Request Session¶ ↑

Certain convenience methods automatically handle a session by:

Creating an HTTP object
Starting a session.
Sending a single request.
Finishing the session.
Destroying the object.

Such methods that send GET requests:

::get: Returns the string response body.
::get_print: Writes the string response body to $stdout.
::get_response: Returns a Net::HTTPResponse object.

Such methods that send POST requests:

::post: Posts data to the host.
::post_form: Posts form data to the host.

HTTP Requests and Responses¶ ↑

Many of the methods above are convenience methods, each of which sends a request and returns a string without directly using Net::HTTPRequest and Net::HTTPResponse objects.

You can, however, directly create a request object, send the request, and retrieve the response object; see:

Following Redirection¶ ↑

Each returned response is an instance of a subclass of Net::HTTPResponse. See the response class hierarchy.

In particular, class Net::HTTPRedirection is the parent of all redirection classes. This allows you to craft a case statement to handle redirections properly:

def fetch(uri, limit = 10)
  # You should choose a better exception.
  raise ArgumentError, 'Too many HTTP redirects' if limit == 0

  res = Net::HTTP.get_response(URI(uri))
  case res
  when Net::HTTPSuccess     # Any success class.
    res
  when Net::HTTPRedirection # Any redirection class.
    location = res['Location']
    warn "Redirected to #{location}"
    fetch(location, limit - 1)
  else                      # Any other class.
    res.value
  end
end

fetch(uri)

Basic Authentication¶ ↑

Basic authentication is performed according to RFC2617:

req = Net::HTTP::Get.new(uri)
req.basic_auth('user', 'pass')
res = Net::HTTP.start(hostname) do |http|
  http.request(req)
end

Streaming Response Bodies¶ ↑

By default Net::HTTP reads an entire response into memory. If you are handling large files or wish to implement a progress bar you can instead stream the body directly to an IO.

Net::HTTP.start(hostname) do |http|
  req = Net::HTTP::Get.new(uri)
  http.request(req) do |res|
    open('t.tmp', 'w') do |f|
      res.read_body do |chunk|
        f.write chunk
      end
    end
  end
end

HTTPS¶ ↑

HTTPS is enabled for an HTTP connection by Net::HTTP#use_ssl=:

Net::HTTP.start(hostname, :use_ssl => true) do |http|
  req = Net::HTTP::Get.new(uri)
  res = http.request(req)
end

Or if you simply want to make a GET request, you may pass in a URI object that has an HTTPS URL. Net::HTTP automatically turns on TLS verification if the URI object has a ‘https’ URI scheme:

uri # => #<URI::HTTPS https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/>
Net::HTTP.get(uri)

Proxy Server¶ ↑

An HTTP object can have a proxy server.

You can create an HTTP object with a proxy server using method Net::HTTP.new or method Net::HTTP.start.

The proxy may be defined either by argument p_addr or by environment variable 'http_proxy'.

Proxy Using Argument `p_addr` as a String¶ ↑

When argument p_addr is a string hostname, the returned http has the given host as its proxy:

http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname, nil, 'proxy.example')
http.proxy?          # => true
http.proxy_from_env? # => false
http.proxy_address   # => "proxy.example"
# These use default values.
http.proxy_port      # => 80
http.proxy_user      # => nil
http.proxy_pass      # => nil

The port, username, and password for the proxy may also be given:

http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname, nil, 'proxy.example', 8000, 'pname', 'ppass')
# => #<Net::HTTP jsonplaceholder.typicode.com:80 open=false>
http.proxy?          # => true
http.proxy_from_env? # => false
http.proxy_address   # => "proxy.example"
http.proxy_port      # => 8000
http.proxy_user      # => "pname"
http.proxy_pass      # => "ppass"

Proxy Using ‘`ENV['http_proxy']`’¶ ↑

When environment variable 'http_proxy' is set to a URI string, the returned http will have the server at that URI as its proxy; note that the URI string must have a protocol such as 'http' or 'https':

ENV['http_proxy'] = 'http://example.com'
http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
http.proxy?          # => true
http.proxy_from_env? # => true
http.proxy_address   # => "example.com"
# These use default values.
http.proxy_port      # => 80
http.proxy_user      # => nil
http.proxy_pass      # => nil

The URI string may include proxy username, password, and port number:

ENV['http_proxy'] = 'http://pname:ppass@example.com:8000'
http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
http.proxy?          # => true
http.proxy_from_env? # => true
http.proxy_address   # => "example.com"
http.proxy_port      # => 8000
http.proxy_user      # => "pname"
http.proxy_pass      # => "ppass"

Filtering Proxies¶ ↑

With method Net::HTTP.new (but not Net::HTTP.start), you can use argument p_no_proxy to filter proxies:

Reject a certain address:

http = Net::HTTP.new('example.com', nil, 'proxy.example', 8000, 'pname', 'ppass', 'proxy.example')
http.proxy_address # => nil

Reject certain domains or subdomains:

http = Net::HTTP.new('example.com', nil, 'my.proxy.example', 8000, 'pname', 'ppass', 'proxy.example')
http.proxy_address # => nil

Reject certain addresses and port combinations:

http = Net::HTTP.new('example.com', nil, 'proxy.example', 8000, 'pname', 'ppass', 'proxy.example:1234')
http.proxy_address # => "proxy.example"

http = Net::HTTP.new('example.com', nil, 'proxy.example', 8000, 'pname', 'ppass', 'proxy.example:8000')
http.proxy_address # => nil

Reject a list of the types above delimited using a comma:

http = Net::HTTP.new('example.com', nil, 'proxy.example', 8000, 'pname', 'ppass', 'my.proxy,proxy.example:8000')
http.proxy_address # => nil

http = Net::HTTP.new('example.com', nil, 'my.proxy', 8000, 'pname', 'ppass', 'my.proxy,proxy.example:8000')
http.proxy_address # => nil

Compression and Decompression¶ ↑

Net::HTTP does not compress the body of a request before sending.

By default, Net::HTTP adds header 'Accept-Encoding' to a new request object:

Net::HTTP::Get.new(uri)['Accept-Encoding']
# => "gzip;q=1.0,deflate;q=0.6,identity;q=0.3"

This requests the server to zip-encode the response body if there is one; the server is not required to do so.

Net::HTTP does not automatically decompress a response body if the response has header 'Content-Range'.

Otherwise decompression (or not) depends on the value of header Content-Encoding:

'deflate', 'gzip', or 'x-gzip': decompresses the body and deletes the header.
'none' or 'identity': does not decompress the body, but deletes the header.
Any other value: leaves the body and header unchanged.

What’s Here¶ ↑

First, what’s elsewhere. Class Net::HTTP:

Inherits from class Object.

This is a categorized summary of methods and attributes.

Net::HTTP Objects¶ ↑

::new: Creates a new instance.
#inspect: Returns a string representation of self.

Sessions¶ ↑

::start: Begins a new session in a new Net::HTTP object.
#started? (aliased as #active?): Returns whether in a session.
#finish: Ends an active session.
#start: Begins a new session in an existing Net::HTTP object (self).

Connections¶ ↑

:continue_timeout: Returns the continue timeout.
#continue_timeout=: Sets the continue timeout seconds.
:keep_alive_timeout: Returns the keep-alive timeout.
:keep_alive_timeout=: Sets the keep-alive timeout.
:max_retries: Returns the maximum retries.
#max_retries=: Sets the maximum retries.
:open_timeout: Returns the open timeout.
:open_timeout=: Sets the open timeout.
:read_timeout: Returns the open timeout.
:read_timeout=: Sets the read timeout.
:ssl_timeout: Returns the ssl timeout.
:ssl_timeout=: Sets the ssl timeout.
:write_timeout: Returns the write timeout.
write_timeout=: Sets the write timeout.

Requests¶ ↑

::get: Sends a GET request and returns the string response body.
::get_print: Sends a GET request and write the string response body to $stdout.
::get_response: Sends a GET request and returns a response object.
::post_form: Sends a POST request with form data and returns a response object.
::post: Sends a POST request with data and returns a response object.
::put: Sends a PUT request with data and returns a response object.
#copy: Sends a COPY request and returns a response object.
#delete: Sends a DELETE request and returns a response object.
#get: Sends a GET request and returns a response object.
#head: Sends a HEAD request and returns a response object.
#lock: Sends a LOCK request and returns a response object.
#mkcol: Sends a MKCOL request and returns a response object.
#move: Sends a MOVE request and returns a response object.
#options: Sends a OPTIONS request and returns a response object.
#patch: Sends a PATCH request and returns a response object.
#post: Sends a POST request and returns a response object.
#propfind: Sends a PROPFIND request and returns a response object.
#proppatch: Sends a PROPPATCH request and returns a response object.
#put: Sends a PUT request and returns a response object.
#request: Sends a request and returns a response object.
#request_get (aliased as #get2): Sends a GET request and forms a response object; if a block given, calls the block with the object, otherwise returns the object.
#request_head (aliased as #head2): Sends a HEAD request and forms a response object; if a block given, calls the block with the object, otherwise returns the object.
#request_post (aliased as #post2): Sends a POST request and forms a response object; if a block given, calls the block with the object, otherwise returns the object.
#send_request: Sends a request and returns a response object.
#trace: Sends a TRACE request and returns a response object.
#unlock: Sends an UNLOCK request and returns a response object.

Responses¶ ↑

:close_on_empty_response: Returns whether to close connection on empty response.
:close_on_empty_response=: Sets whether to close connection on empty response.
:ignore_eof: Returns whether to ignore end-of-file when reading a response body with Content-Length headers.
:ignore_eof=: Sets whether to ignore end-of-file when reading a response body with Content-Length headers.
:response_body_encoding: Returns the encoding to use for the response body.
#response_body_encoding=: Sets the response body encoding.

Proxies¶ ↑

:proxy_address: Returns the proxy address.
:proxy_address=: Sets the proxy address.
::proxy_class?: Returns whether self is a proxy class.
#proxy?: Returns whether self has a proxy.
#proxy_address (aliased as #proxyaddr): Returns the proxy address.
#proxy_from_env?: Returns whether the proxy is taken from an environment variable.
:proxy_from_env=: Sets whether the proxy is to be taken from an environment variable.
:proxy_pass: Returns the proxy password.
:proxy_pass=: Sets the proxy password.
:proxy_port: Returns the proxy port.
:proxy_port=: Sets the proxy port.
#proxy_user: Returns the proxy user name.
:proxy_user=: Sets the proxy user.

Security¶ ↑

:ca_file: Returns the path to a CA certification file.
:ca_file=: Sets the path to a CA certification file.
:ca_path: Returns the path of to CA directory containing certification files.
:ca_path=: Sets the path of to CA directory containing certification files.
:cert: Returns the OpenSSL::X509::Certificate object to be used for client certification.
:cert=: Sets the OpenSSL::X509::Certificate object to be used for client certification.
:cert_store: Returns the X509::Store to be used for verifying peer certificate.
:cert_store=: Sets the X509::Store to be used for verifying peer certificate.
:ciphers: Returns the available SSL ciphers.
:ciphers=: Sets the available SSL ciphers.
:extra_chain_cert: Returns the extra X509 certificates to be added to the certificate chain.
:extra_chain_cert=: Sets the extra X509 certificates to be added to the certificate chain.
:key: Returns the OpenSSL::PKey::RSA or OpenSSL::PKey::DSA object.
:key=: Sets the OpenSSL::PKey::RSA or OpenSSL::PKey::DSA object.
:max_version: Returns the maximum SSL version.
:max_version=: Sets the maximum SSL version.
:min_version: Returns the minimum SSL version.
:min_version=: Sets the minimum SSL version.
#peer_cert: Returns the X509 certificate chain for the session’s socket peer.
:ssl_version: Returns the SSL version.
:ssl_version=: Sets the SSL version.
#use_ssl=: Sets whether a new session is to use Transport Layer Security.
#use_ssl?: Returns whether self uses SSL.
:verify_callback: Returns the callback for the server certification verification.
:verify_callback=: Sets the callback for the server certification verification.
:verify_depth: Returns the maximum depth for the certificate chain verification.
:verify_depth=: Sets the maximum depth for the certificate chain verification.
:verify_hostname: Returns the flags for server the certification verification at the beginning of the SSL/TLS session.
:verify_hostname=: Sets he flags for server the certification verification at the beginning of the SSL/TLS session.
:verify_mode: Returns the flags for server the certification verification at the beginning of the SSL/TLS session.
:verify_mode=: Sets the flags for server the certification verification at the beginning of the SSL/TLS session.

Addresses and Ports¶ ↑

:address: Returns the string host name or host IP.
::default_port: Returns integer 80, the default port to use for HTTP requests.
::http_default_port: Returns integer 80, the default port to use for HTTP requests.
::https_default_port: Returns integer 443, the default port to use for HTTPS requests.
#ipaddr: Returns the IP address for the connection.
#ipaddr=: Sets the IP address for the connection.
:local_host: Returns the string local host used to establish the connection.
:local_host=: Sets the string local host used to establish the connection.
:local_port: Returns the integer local port used to establish the connection.
:local_port=: Sets the integer local port used to establish the connection.
:port: Returns the integer port number.

HTTP Version¶ ↑

::version_1_2? (aliased as ::is_version_1_2? and ::version_1_2): Returns true; retained for compatibility.

Debugging¶ ↑

#set_debug_output: Sets the output stream for debugging.

Attributes

default_configuration [RW]

Allows to set the default configuration that will be used when creating a new connection.

Example:

Net::HTTP.default_configuration = {
  read_timeout: 1,
  write_timeout: 1
}
http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
http.open_timeout   # => 60
http.read_timeout   # => 1
http.write_timeout  # => 1

proxy_address [R]

Returns the address of the proxy host, or nil if none; see Proxy Server at Net::HTTP.

proxy_pass [R]

Returns the password for accessing the proxy, or nil if none; see Proxy Server at Net::HTTP.

proxy_port [R]

Returns the port number of the proxy host, or nil if none; see Proxy Server at Net::HTTP.

proxy_use_ssl [R]

Use SSL when talking to the proxy. If Net::HTTP does not use a proxy, nil.

proxy_user [R]

Returns the user name for accessing the proxy, or nil if none; see Proxy Server at Net::HTTP.

address [R]

Returns the string host name or host IP given as argument address in ::new.

ca_file [RW]

Sets or returns the path to a CA certification file in PEM format.

ca_path [RW]

Sets or returns the path of to CA directory containing certification files in PEM format.

cert [RW]

Sets or returns the OpenSSL::X509::Certificate object to be used for client certification.

cert_store [RW]

Sets or returns the X509::Store to be used for verifying peer certificate.

ciphers [RW]

Sets or returns the available SSL ciphers. See OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext#ciphers=.

close_on_empty_response [RW]

Sets or returns whether to close the connection when the response is empty; initially false.

continue_timeout [R]

Returns the continue timeout value; see continue_timeout=.

extra_chain_cert [RW]

Sets or returns the extra X509 certificates to be added to the certificate chain. See OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext#add_certificate.

ignore_eof [RW]

Sets or returns whether to ignore end-of-file when reading a response body with Content-Length headers; initially true.

keep_alive_timeout [RW]

Sets or returns the numeric (Integer or Float) number of seconds to keep the connection open after a request is sent; initially 2. If a new request is made during the given interval, the still-open connection is used; otherwise the connection will have been closed and a new connection is opened.

key [RW]

Sets or returns the OpenSSL::PKey::RSA or OpenSSL::PKey::DSA object.

local_host [RW]

Sets or returns the string local host used to establish the connection; initially nil.

local_port [RW]

Sets or returns the integer local port used to establish the connection; initially nil.

max_retries [R]

Returns the maximum number of times to retry an idempotent request; see max_retries=.

max_version [RW]

Sets or returns the maximum SSL version. See OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext#max_version=.

min_version [RW]

Sets or returns the minimum SSL version. See OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext#min_version=.

open_timeout [RW]

Sets or returns the numeric (Integer or Float) number of seconds to wait for a connection to open; initially 60. If the connection is not made in the given interval, an exception is raised.

port [R]

Returns the integer port number given as argument port in ::new.

proxy_address [W]

Sets the proxy address; see Proxy Server.

proxy_from_env [W]

Sets whether to determine the proxy from environment variable ‘ENV['http_proxy']’; see Proxy Using ENV[‘http_proxy’].

proxy_pass [W]

Sets the proxy password; see Proxy Server.

proxy_port [W]

Sets the proxy port; see Proxy Server.

proxy_use_ssl [W]

proxy_user [W]

Sets the proxy user; see Proxy Server.

read_timeout [R]

Returns the numeric (Integer or Float) number of seconds to wait for one block to be read (via one read(2) call); see read_timeout=.

response_body_encoding [R]

Returns the encoding to use for the response body; see response_body_encoding=.

ssl_timeout [RW]

Sets or returns the SSL timeout seconds.

ssl_version [RW]

Sets or returns the SSL version. See OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext#ssl_version=.

verify_callback [RW]

Sets or returns the callback for the server certification verification.

verify_depth [RW]

Sets or returns the maximum depth for the certificate chain verification.

verify_hostname [RW]

Sets or returns whether to verify that the server certificate is valid for the hostname. See OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext#verify_hostname=.

verify_mode [RW]

Sets or returns the flags for server the certification verification at the beginning of the SSL/TLS session. OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_NONE or OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_PEER are acceptable.

write_timeout [R]

Returns the numeric (Integer or Float) number of seconds to wait for one block to be written (via one write(2) call); see write_timeout=.

Public Class Methods

default_port ()

Returns integer 80, the default port to use for HTTP requests:

Net::HTTP.default_port # => 80

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 941
def HTTP.default_port
  http_default_port()
end

Net::HTTP.get(hostname, path, port = 80) → body

Net::HTTP:get(uri, headers = {}, port = uri.port) → body

Sends a GET request and returns the HTTP response body as a string.

With string arguments hostname and path:

hostname = 'jsonplaceholder.typicode.com'
path = '/todos/1'
puts Net::HTTP.get(hostname, path)

Output:

{
  "userId": 1,
  "id": 1,
  "title": "delectus aut autem",
  "completed": false
}

With URI object uri and optional hash argument headers:

uri = URI('https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/todos/1')
headers = {'Content-type' => 'application/json; charset=UTF-8'}
Net::HTTP.get(uri, headers)

Net::HTTP::Get: request class for HTTP method GET.
Net::HTTP#get: convenience method for HTTP method GET.

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 810
def HTTP.get(uri_or_host, path_or_headers = nil, port = nil)
  get_response(uri_or_host, path_or_headers, port).body
end

Net::HTTP.get_print(hostname, path, port = 80) → nil

Net::HTTP:get_print(uri, headers = {}, port = uri.port) → nil

Like Net::HTTP.get, but writes the returned body to $stdout; returns nil.

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 769
def HTTP.get_print(uri_or_host, path_or_headers = nil, port = nil)
  get_response(uri_or_host, path_or_headers, port) {|res|
    res.read_body do |chunk|
      $stdout.print chunk
    end
  }
  nil
end

Net::HTTP.get_response(hostname, path, port = 80) → http_response

Net::HTTP:get_response(uri, headers = {}, port = uri.port) → http_response

Like Net::HTTP.get, but returns a Net::HTTPResponse object instead of the body string.

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 820
def HTTP.get_response(uri_or_host, path_or_headers = nil, port = nil, &block)
  if path_or_headers && !path_or_headers.is_a?(Hash)
    host = uri_or_host
    path = path_or_headers
    new(host, port || HTTP.default_port).start {|http|
      return http.request_get(path, &block)
    }
  else
    uri = uri_or_host
    headers = path_or_headers
    start(uri.hostname, uri.port,
          :use_ssl => uri.scheme == 'https') {|http|
      return http.request_get(uri, headers, &block)
    }
  end
end

http_default_port ()

Returns integer 80, the default port to use for HTTP requests:

Net::HTTP.http_default_port # => 80

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 949
def HTTP.http_default_port
  80
end

https_default_port ()

Returns integer 443, the default port to use for HTTPS requests:

Net::HTTP.https_default_port # => 443

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 957
def HTTP.https_default_port
  443
end

new (address, port = nil, p_addr = :ENV, p_port = nil, p_user = nil, p_pass = nil, p_no_proxy = nil, p_use_ssl = nil)

Returns a new Net::HTTP object http (but does not open a TCP connection or HTTP session).

With only string argument address given (and ENV['http_proxy'] undefined or nil), the returned http:

Has the given address.
Has the default port number, Net::HTTP.default_port (80).
Has no proxy.

Example:

http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
# => #<Net::HTTP jsonplaceholder.typicode.com:80 open=false>
http.address # => "jsonplaceholder.typicode.com"
http.port    # => 80
http.proxy?  # => false

With integer argument port also given, the returned http has the given port:

http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname, 8000)
# => #<Net::HTTP jsonplaceholder.typicode.com:8000 open=false>
http.port # => 8000

For proxy-defining arguments p_addr through p_no_proxy, see Proxy Server.

Calls superclass method

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1106
def HTTP.new(address, port = nil, p_addr = :ENV, p_port = nil, p_user = nil, p_pass = nil, p_no_proxy = nil, p_use_ssl = nil)
  http = super address, port

  if proxy_class? then # from Net::HTTP::Proxy()
    http.proxy_from_env = @proxy_from_env
    http.proxy_address  = @proxy_address
    http.proxy_port     = @proxy_port
    http.proxy_user     = @proxy_user
    http.proxy_pass     = @proxy_pass
    http.proxy_use_ssl  = @proxy_use_ssl
  elsif p_addr == :ENV then
    http.proxy_from_env = true
  else
    if p_addr && p_no_proxy && !URI::Generic.use_proxy?(address, address, port, p_no_proxy)
      p_addr = nil
      p_port = nil
    end
    http.proxy_address = p_addr
    http.proxy_port    = p_port || default_port
    http.proxy_user    = p_user
    http.proxy_pass    = p_pass
    http.proxy_use_ssl = p_use_ssl
  end

  http
end

post (url, data, header = nil)

Posts data to a host; returns a Net::HTTPResponse object.

Argument url must be a URL; argument data must be a string:

_uri = uri.dup
_uri.path = '/posts'
data = '{"title": "foo", "body": "bar", "userId": 1}'
headers = {'content-type': 'application/json'}
res = Net::HTTP.post(_uri, data, headers) # => #<Net::HTTPCreated 201 Created readbody=true>
puts res.body

Output:

{
  "title": "foo",
  "body": "bar",
  "userId": 1,
  "id": 101
}

Net::HTTP::Post: request class for HTTP method POST.
Net::HTTP#post: convenience method for HTTP method POST.

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 863
def HTTP.post(url, data, header = nil)
  start(url.hostname, url.port,
        :use_ssl => url.scheme == 'https' ) {|http|
    http.post(url, data, header)
  }
end

post_form (url, params)

Posts data to a host; returns a Net::HTTPResponse object.

Argument url must be a URI; argument data must be a hash:

_uri = uri.dup
_uri.path = '/posts'
data = {title: 'foo', body: 'bar', userId: 1}
res = Net::HTTP.post_form(_uri, data) # => #<Net::HTTPCreated 201 Created readbody=true>
puts res.body

Output:

{
  "title": "foo",
  "body": "bar",
  "userId": "1",
  "id": 101
}

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 890
def HTTP.post_form(url, params)
  req = Post.new(url)
  req.form_data = params
  req.basic_auth url.user, url.password if url.user
  start(url.hostname, url.port,
        :use_ssl => url.scheme == 'https' ) {|http|
    http.request(req)
  }
end

proxy_class? ()

Returns true if self is a class which was created by HTTP::Proxy.

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1832
def proxy_class?
  defined?(@is_proxy_class) ? @is_proxy_class : false
end

put (url, data, header = nil)

Sends a PUT request to the server; returns a Net::HTTPResponse object.

Argument url must be a URL; argument data must be a string:

_uri = uri.dup
_uri.path = '/posts'
data = '{"title": "foo", "body": "bar", "userId": 1}'
headers = {'content-type': 'application/json'}
res = Net::HTTP.put(_uri, data, headers) # => #<Net::HTTPCreated 201 Created readbody=true>
puts res.body

Output:

{
  "title": "foo",
  "body": "bar",
  "userId": 1,
  "id": 101
}

Net::HTTP::Put: request class for HTTP method PUT.
Net::HTTP#put: convenience method for HTTP method PUT.

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 926
def HTTP.put(url, data, header = nil)
  start(url.hostname, url.port,
        :use_ssl => url.scheme == 'https' ) {|http|
    http.put(url, data, header)
  }
end

start(address, port = nil, p_addr = :ENV, p_port = nil, p_user = nil, p_pass = nil, opts) → http

start(address, port = nil, p_addr = :ENV, p_port = nil, p_user = nil, p_pass = nil, opts) {|http| ... } → object

Creates a new Net::HTTP object, http, via Net::HTTP.new:

For arguments address and port, see Net::HTTP.new.
For proxy-defining arguments p_addr through p_pass, see Proxy Server.
For argument opts, see below.

With no block given:

Calls http.start with no block (see start), which opens a TCP connection and HTTP session.
Returns http.

The caller should call finish to close the session:

http = Net::HTTP.start(hostname)
http.started? # => true
http.finish
http.started? # => false

With a block given:

Calls http.start with the block (see start), which:
- Opens a TCP connection and HTTP session.
- Calls the block, which may make any number of requests to the host.
- Closes the HTTP session and TCP connection on block exit.
- Returns the block’s value object.
Returns object.

Example:

hostname = 'jsonplaceholder.typicode.com'
Net::HTTP.start(hostname) do |http|
  puts http.get('/todos/1').body
  puts http.get('/todos/2').body
end

Output:

{
  "userId": 1,
  "id": 1,
  "title": "delectus aut autem",
  "completed": false
}
{
  "userId": 1,
  "id": 2,
  "title": "quis ut nam facilis et officia qui",
  "completed": false
}

If the last argument given is a hash, it is the opts hash, where each key is a method or accessor to be called, and its value is the value to be set.

The keys may include:

Note: If port is nil and opts[:use_ssl] is a truthy value, the value passed to new is Net::HTTP.https_default_port, not port.

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1051
def HTTP.start(address, *arg, &block) # :yield: +http+
  arg.pop if opt = Hash.try_convert(arg[-1])
  port, p_addr, p_port, p_user, p_pass = *arg
  p_addr = :ENV if arg.size < 2
  port = https_default_port if !port && opt && opt[:use_ssl]
  http = new(address, port, p_addr, p_port, p_user, p_pass)
  http.ipaddr = opt[:ipaddr] if opt && opt[:ipaddr]

  if opt
    if opt[:use_ssl]
      opt = {verify_mode: OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_PEER}.update(opt)
    end
    http.methods.grep(/\A(\w+)=\z/) do |meth|
      key = $1.to_sym
      opt.key?(key) or next
      http.__send__(meth, opt[key])
    end
  end

  http.start(&block)
end

version_1_2 ()

Returns true; retained for compatibility.

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 744
def HTTP.version_1_2
  true
end

version_1_2? ()

Returns true; retained for compatibility.

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 749
def HTTP.version_1_2?
  true
end

Public Instance Methods

continue_timeout= (sec)

Sets the continue timeout value, which is the number of seconds to wait for an expected 100 Continue response. If the HTTP object does not receive a response in this many seconds it sends the request body.

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1457
def continue_timeout=(sec)
  @socket.continue_timeout = sec if @socket
  @continue_timeout = sec
end

copy (path, initheader = nil)

Sends a COPY request to the server; returns an instance of a subclass of Net::HTTPResponse.

The request is based on the Net::HTTP::Copy object created from string path and initial headers hash initheader.

http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
http.copy('/todos/1')

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 2201
def copy(path, initheader = nil)
  request(Copy.new(path, initheader))
end

delete (path, initheader = {'Depth' => 'Infinity'})

Sends a DELETE request to the server; returns an instance of a subclass of Net::HTTPResponse.

The request is based on the Net::HTTP::Delete object created from string path and initial headers hash initheader.

http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
http.delete('/todos/1')

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 2175
def delete(path, initheader = {'Depth' => 'Infinity'})
  request(Delete.new(path, initheader))
end

finish ()

Finishes the HTTP session:

http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
http.start
http.started? # => true
http.finish   # => nil
http.started? # => false

Raises IOError if not in a session.

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1776
def finish
  raise IOError, 'HTTP session not yet started' unless started?
  do_finish
end

get(path, initheader = nil) {|res| ... }

Sends a GET request to the server; returns an instance of a subclass of Net::HTTPResponse.

The request is based on the Net::HTTP::Get object created from string path and initial headers hash initheader.

With a block given, calls the block with the response body:

http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
http.get('/todos/1') do |res|
  p res
end # => #<Net::HTTPOK 200 OK readbody=true>

Output:

"{\n  \"userId\": 1,\n  \"id\": 1,\n  \"title\": \"delectus aut autem\",\n  \"completed\": false\n}"

With no block given, simply returns the response object:

http.get('/') # => #<Net::HTTPOK 200 OK readbody=true>

Net::HTTP::Get: request class for HTTP method GET.
Net::HTTP.get: sends GET request, returns response body.

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1987
def get(path, initheader = nil, dest = nil, &block) # :yield: +body_segment+
  res = nil

  request(Get.new(path, initheader)) {|r|
    r.read_body dest, &block
    res = r
  }
  res
end

head (path, initheader = nil)

Sends a HEAD request to the server; returns an instance of a subclass of Net::HTTPResponse.

The request is based on the Net::HTTP::Head object created from string path and initial headers hash initheader:

res = http.head('/todos/1') # => #<Net::HTTPOK 200 OK readbody=true>
res.body                    # => nil
res.to_hash.take(3)
# =>
[["date", ["Wed, 15 Feb 2023 15:25:42 GMT"]],
 ["content-type", ["application/json; charset=utf-8"]],
 ["connection", ["close"]]]

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 2011
def head(path, initheader = nil)
  request(Head.new(path, initheader))
end

inspect ()

Returns a string representation of self:

Net::HTTP.new(hostname).inspect
# => "#<Net::HTTP jsonplaceholder.typicode.com:80 open=false>"

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1211
def inspect
  "#<#{self.class} #{@address}:#{@port} open=#{started?}>"
end

ipaddr ()

Returns the IP address for the connection.

If the session has not been started, returns the value set by ipaddr=, or nil if it has not been set:

http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
http.ipaddr # => nil
http.ipaddr = '172.67.155.76'
http.ipaddr # => "172.67.155.76"

If the session has been started, returns the IP address from the socket:

http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
http.start
http.ipaddr # => "172.67.155.76"
http.finish

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1351
def ipaddr
  started? ?  @socket.io.peeraddr[3] : @ipaddr
end

ipaddr= (addr)

Sets the IP address for the connection:

http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
http.ipaddr # => nil
http.ipaddr = '172.67.155.76'
http.ipaddr # => "172.67.155.76"

The IP address may not be set if the session has been started.

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1363
def ipaddr=(addr)
  raise IOError, "ipaddr value changed, but session already started" if started?
  @ipaddr = addr
end

lock (path, body, initheader = nil)

Sends a LOCK request to the server; returns an instance of a subclass of Net::HTTPResponse.

The request is based on the Net::HTTP::Lock object created from string path, string body, and initial headers hash initheader.

data = '{"userId": 1, "id": 1, "title": "delectus aut autem", "completed": false}'
http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
http.lock('/todos/1', data)

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 2121
def lock(path, body, initheader = nil)
  request(Lock.new(path, initheader), body)
end

max_retries= (retries)

Sets the maximum number of times to retry an idempotent request in case of Net::ReadTimeout, IOError, EOFError, Errno::ECONNRESET, Errno::ECONNABORTED, Errno::EPIPE, OpenSSL::SSL::SSLError, Timeout::Error. The initial value is 1.

Argument retries must be a non-negative numeric value:

http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
http.max_retries = 2   # => 2
http.max_retries       # => 2

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1397
def max_retries=(retries)
  retries = retries.to_int
  if retries < 0
    raise ArgumentError, 'max_retries should be non-negative integer number'
  end
  @max_retries = retries
end

mkcol (path, body = nil, initheader = nil)

Sends a MKCOL request to the server; returns an instance of a subclass of Net::HTTPResponse.

The request is based on the Net::HTTP::Mkcol object created from string path, string body, and initial headers hash initheader.

data = '{"userId": 1, "id": 1, "title": "delectus aut autem", "completed": false}'
http.mkcol('/todos/1', data)
http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 2215
def mkcol(path, body = nil, initheader = nil)
  request(Mkcol.new(path, initheader), body)
end

move (path, initheader = nil)

Sends a MOVE request to the server; returns an instance of a subclass of Net::HTTPResponse.

The request is based on the Net::HTTP::Move object created from string path and initial headers hash initheader.

http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
http.move('/todos/1')

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 2188
def move(path, initheader = nil)
  request(Move.new(path, initheader))
end

options (path, initheader = nil)

Sends an Options request to the server; returns an instance of a subclass of Net::HTTPResponse.

The request is based on the Net::HTTP::Options object created from string path and initial headers hash initheader.

http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
http.options('/')

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 2148
def options(path, initheader = nil)
  request(Options.new(path, initheader))
end

patch(path, data, initheader = nil) {|res| ... }

Sends a PATCH request to the server; returns an instance of a subclass of Net::HTTPResponse.

The request is based on the Net::HTTP::Patch object created from string path, string data, and initial headers hash initheader.

With a block given, calls the block with the response body:

data = '{"userId": 1, "id": 1, "title": "delectus aut autem", "completed": false}'
http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
http.patch('/todos/1', data) do |res|
  p res
end # => #<Net::HTTPOK 200 OK readbody=true>

Output:

"{\n  \"userId\": 1,\n  \"id\": 1,\n  \"title\": \"delectus aut autem\",\n  \"completed\": false,\n  \"{\\\"userId\\\": 1, \\\"id\\\": 1, \\\"title\\\": \\\"delectus aut autem\\\", \\\"completed\\\": false}\": \"\"\n}"

With no block given, simply returns the response object:

http.patch('/todos/1', data) # => #<Net::HTTPCreated 201 Created readbody=true>

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 2074
def patch(path, data, initheader = nil, dest = nil, &block) # :yield: +body_segment+
  send_entity(path, data, initheader, dest, Patch, &block)
end

peer_cert ()

Returns the X509 certificate chain (an array of strings) for the session’s socket peer, or nil if none.

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1599
def peer_cert
  if not use_ssl? or not @socket
    return nil
  end
  @socket.io.peer_cert
end

post(path, data, initheader = nil) {|res| ... }

Sends a POST request to the server; returns an instance of a subclass of Net::HTTPResponse.

The request is based on the Net::HTTP::Post object created from string path, string data, and initial headers hash initheader.

With a block given, calls the block with the response body:

data = '{"userId": 1, "id": 1, "title": "delectus aut autem", "completed": false}'
http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
http.post('/todos', data) do |res|
  p res
end # => #<Net::HTTPCreated 201 Created readbody=true>

Output:

"{\n  \"{\\\"userId\\\": 1, \\\"id\\\": 1, \\\"title\\\": \\\"delectus aut autem\\\", \\\"completed\\\": false}\": \"\",\n  \"id\": 201\n}"

With no block given, simply returns the response object:

http.post('/todos', data) # => #<Net::HTTPCreated 201 Created readbody=true>

Net::HTTP::Post: request class for HTTP method POST.
Net::HTTP.post: sends POST request, returns response body.

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 2045
def post(path, data, initheader = nil, dest = nil, &block) # :yield: +body_segment+
  send_entity(path, data, initheader, dest, Post, &block)
end

propfind (path, body = nil, initheader = {'Depth' => '0'})

Sends a PROPFIND request to the server; returns an instance of a subclass of Net::HTTPResponse.

The request is based on the Net::HTTP::Propfind object created from string path, string body, and initial headers hash initheader.

data = '{"userId": 1, "id": 1, "title": "delectus aut autem", "completed": false}'
http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
http.propfind('/todos/1', data)

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 2162
def propfind(path, body = nil, initheader = {'Depth' => '0'})
  request(Propfind.new(path, initheader), body)
end

proppatch (path, body, initheader = nil)

Sends a PROPPATCH request to the server; returns an instance of a subclass of Net::HTTPResponse.

The request is based on the Net::HTTP::Proppatch object created from string path, string body, and initial headers hash initheader.

data = '{"userId": 1, "id": 1, "title": "delectus aut autem", "completed": false}'
http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
http.proppatch('/todos/1', data)

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 2107
def proppatch(path, body, initheader = nil)
  request(Proppatch.new(path, initheader), body)
end

proxy? ()

Returns true if a proxy server is defined, false otherwise; see Proxy Server.

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1858
def proxy?
  !!(@proxy_from_env ? proxy_uri : @proxy_address)
end

proxy_address ()

Returns the address of the proxy server, if defined, nil otherwise; see Proxy Server.

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1880
def proxy_address
  if @proxy_from_env then
    proxy_uri&.hostname
  else
    @proxy_address
  end
end

proxy_from_env? ()

Returns true if the proxy server is defined in the environment, false otherwise; see Proxy Server.

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1865
def proxy_from_env?
  @proxy_from_env
end

proxy_pass ()

Returns the password of the proxy server, if defined, nil otherwise; see Proxy Server.

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1911
def proxy_pass
  if @proxy_from_env
    pass = proxy_uri&.password
    unescape(pass) if pass
  else
    @proxy_pass
  end
end

proxy_port ()

Returns the port number of the proxy server, if defined, nil otherwise; see Proxy Server.

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1890
def proxy_port
  if @proxy_from_env then
    proxy_uri&.port
  else
    @proxy_port
  end
end

proxy_user ()

Returns the user name of the proxy server, if defined, nil otherwise; see Proxy Server.

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1900
def proxy_user
  if @proxy_from_env
    user = proxy_uri&.user
    unescape(user) if user
  else
    @proxy_user
  end
end

put (path, data, initheader = nil)

Sends a PUT request to the server; returns an instance of a subclass of Net::HTTPResponse.

The request is based on the Net::HTTP::Put object created from string path, string data, and initial headers hash initheader.

data = '{"userId": 1, "id": 1, "title": "delectus aut autem", "completed": false}'
http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
http.put('/todos/1', data) # => #<Net::HTTPOK 200 OK readbody=true>

Net::HTTP::Put: request class for HTTP method PUT.
Net::HTTP.put: sends PUT request, returns response body.

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 2093
def put(path, data, initheader = nil)
  request(Put.new(path, initheader), data)
end

read_timeout= (sec)

Sets the read timeout, in seconds, for self to integer sec; the initial value is 60.

Argument sec must be a non-negative numeric value:

http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
http.read_timeout # => 60
http.get('/todos/1') # => #<Net::HTTPOK 200 OK readbody=true>
http.read_timeout = 0
http.get('/todos/1') # Raises Net::ReadTimeout.

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1420
def read_timeout=(sec)
  @socket.read_timeout = sec if @socket
  @read_timeout = sec
end

request (req, body = nil) { |response| ... }

Sends the given request req to the server; forms the response into a Net::HTTPResponse object.

The given req must be an instance of a subclass of Net::HTTPRequest. Argument body should be given only if needed for the request.

With no block given, returns the response object:

http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)

req = Net::HTTP::Get.new('/todos/1')
http.request(req)
# => #<Net::HTTPOK 200 OK readbody=true>

req = Net::HTTP::Post.new('/todos')
http.request(req, 'xyzzy')
# => #<Net::HTTPCreated 201 Created readbody=true>

With a block given, calls the block with the response and returns the response:

req = Net::HTTP::Get.new('/todos/1')
http.request(req) do |res|
  p res
end # => #<Net::HTTPOK 200 OK readbody=true>

Output:

#<Net::HTTPOK 200 OK readbody=false>

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 2373
def request(req, body = nil, &block)  # :yield: +response+
  unless started?
    start {
      req['connection'] ||= 'close'
      return request(req, body, &block)
    }
  end
  if proxy_user()
    req.proxy_basic_auth proxy_user(), proxy_pass() unless use_ssl?
  end
  req.set_body_internal body
  res = transport_request(req, &block)
  if sspi_auth?(res)
    sspi_auth(req)
    res = transport_request(req, &block)
  end
  res
end

request_get (path, initheader = nil) { |response| ... }

Sends a GET request to the server; forms the response into a Net::HTTPResponse object.

The request is based on the Net::HTTP::Get object created from string path and initial headers hash initheader.

With no block given, returns the response object:

http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
http.request_get('/todos') # => #<Net::HTTPOK 200 OK readbody=true>

With a block given, calls the block with the response object and returns the response object:

http.request_get('/todos') do |res|
  p res
end # => #<Net::HTTPOK 200 OK readbody=true>

Output:

#<Net::HTTPOK 200 OK readbody=false>

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 2254
def request_get(path, initheader = nil, &block) # :yield: +response+
  request(Get.new(path, initheader), &block)
end

request_head (path, initheader = nil, &block)

Sends a HEAD request to the server; returns an instance of a subclass of Net::HTTPResponse.

The request is based on the Net::HTTP::Head object created from string path and initial headers hash initheader.

http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
http.head('/todos/1') # => #<Net::HTTPOK 200 OK readbody=true>

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 2267
def request_head(path, initheader = nil, &block)
  request(Head.new(path, initheader), &block)
end

request_post (path, data, initheader = nil) { |response| ... }

Sends a POST request to the server; forms the response into a Net::HTTPResponse object.

The request is based on the Net::HTTP::Post object created from string path, string data, and initial headers hash initheader.

With no block given, returns the response object:

http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
http.post('/todos', 'xyzzy')
# => #<Net::HTTPCreated 201 Created readbody=true>

With a block given, calls the block with the response body and returns the response object:

http.post('/todos', 'xyzzy') do |res|
  p res
end # => #<Net::HTTPCreated 201 Created readbody=true>

Output:

"{\n  \"xyzzy\": \"\",\n  \"id\": 201\n}"

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 2294
def request_post(path, data, initheader = nil, &block) # :yield: +response+
  request Post.new(path, initheader), data, &block
end

response_body_encoding= (value)

Sets the encoding to be used for the response body; returns the encoding.

The given value may be:

An Encoding object.
The name of an encoding.
An alias for an encoding name.

See Encoding.

Examples:

http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
http.response_body_encoding = Encoding::US_ASCII # => #<Encoding:US-ASCII>
http.response_body_encoding = 'US-ASCII'         # => "US-ASCII"
http.response_body_encoding = 'ASCII'            # => "ASCII"

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1305
def response_body_encoding=(value)
  value = Encoding.find(value) if value.is_a?(String)
  @response_body_encoding = value
end

send_request (name, path, data = nil, header = nil)

Sends an HTTP request to the server; returns an instance of a subclass of Net::HTTPResponse.

The request is based on the Net::HTTPRequest object created from string path, string data, and initial headers hash header. That object is an instance of the subclass of Net::HTTPRequest, that corresponds to the given uppercase string name, which must be an HTTP request method or a WebDAV request method.

Examples:

http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
http.send_request('GET', '/todos/1')
# => #<Net::HTTPOK 200 OK readbody=true>
http.send_request('POST', '/todos', 'xyzzy')
# => #<Net::HTTPCreated 201 Created readbody=true>

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 2337
def send_request(name, path, data = nil, header = nil)
  has_response_body = name != 'HEAD'
  r = HTTPGenericRequest.new(name,(data ? true : false),has_response_body,path,header)
  request r, data
end

set_debug_output (output)

WARNING This method opens a serious security hole. Never use this method in production code.

Sets the output stream for debugging:

http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
File.open('t.tmp', 'w') do |file|
  http.set_debug_output(file)
  http.start
  http.get('/nosuch/1')
  http.finish
end
puts File.read('t.tmp')

Output:

opening connection to jsonplaceholder.typicode.com:80...
opened
<- "GET /nosuch/1 HTTP/1.1\r\nAccept-Encoding: gzip;q=1.0,deflate;q=0.6,identity;q=0.3\r\nAccept: */*\r\nUser-Agent: Ruby\r\nHost: jsonplaceholder.typicode.com\r\n\r\n"
-> "HTTP/1.1 404 Not Found\r\n"
-> "Date: Mon, 12 Dec 2022 21:14:11 GMT\r\n"
-> "Content-Type: application/json; charset=utf-8\r\n"
-> "Content-Length: 2\r\n"
-> "Connection: keep-alive\r\n"
-> "X-Powered-By: Express\r\n"
-> "X-Ratelimit-Limit: 1000\r\n"
-> "X-Ratelimit-Remaining: 999\r\n"
-> "X-Ratelimit-Reset: 1670879660\r\n"
-> "Vary: Origin, Accept-Encoding\r\n"
-> "Access-Control-Allow-Credentials: true\r\n"
-> "Cache-Control: max-age=43200\r\n"
-> "Pragma: no-cache\r\n"
-> "Expires: -1\r\n"
-> "X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff\r\n"
-> "Etag: W/\"2-vyGp6PvFo4RvsFtPoIWeCReyIC8\"\r\n"
-> "Via: 1.1 vegur\r\n"
-> "CF-Cache-Status: MISS\r\n"
-> "Server-Timing: cf-q-config;dur=1.3000000762986e-05\r\n"
-> "Report-To: {\"endpoints\":[{\"url\":\"https:\\/\\/a.nel.cloudflare.com\\/report\\/v3?s=yOr40jo%2BwS1KHzhTlVpl54beJ5Wx2FcG4gGV0XVrh3X9OlR5q4drUn2dkt5DGO4GDcE%2BVXT7CNgJvGs%2BZleIyMu8CLieFiDIvOviOY3EhHg94m0ZNZgrEdpKD0S85S507l1vsEwEHkoTm%2Ff19SiO\"}],\"group\":\"cf-nel\",\"max_age\":604800}\r\n"
-> "NEL: {\"success_fraction\":0,\"report_to\":\"cf-nel\",\"max_age\":604800}\r\n"
-> "Server: cloudflare\r\n"
-> "CF-RAY: 778977dc484ce591-DFW\r\n"
-> "alt-svc: h3=\":443\"; ma=86400, h3-29=\":443\"; ma=86400\r\n"
-> "\r\n"
reading 2 bytes...
-> "{}"
read 2 bytes
Conn keep-alive

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1264
def set_debug_output(output)
  warn 'Net::HTTP#set_debug_output called after HTTP started', uplevel: 1 if started?
  @debug_output = output
end

start () { |http| ... }

Starts an HTTP session.

Without a block, returns self:

http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
# => #<Net::HTTP jsonplaceholder.typicode.com:80 open=false>
http.start
# => #<Net::HTTP jsonplaceholder.typicode.com:80 open=true>
http.started? # => true
http.finish

With a block, calls the block with self, finishes the session when the block exits, and returns the block’s value:

http.start do |http|
  http
end
# => #<Net::HTTP jsonplaceholder.typicode.com:80 open=false>
http.started? # => false

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1627
def start  # :yield: http
  raise IOError, 'HTTP session already opened' if @started
  if block_given?
    begin
      do_start
      return yield(self)
    ensure
      do_finish
    end
  end
  do_start
  self
end

started? ()

Returns true if the HTTP session has been started:

http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
http.started? # => false
http.start
http.started? # => true
http.finish # => nil
http.started? # => false

Net::HTTP.start(hostname) do |http|
  http.started?
end # => true
http.started? # => false

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1490
def started?
  @started
end

trace (path, initheader = nil)

Sends a TRACE request to the server; returns an instance of a subclass of Net::HTTPResponse.

The request is based on the Net::HTTP::Trace object created from string path and initial headers hash initheader.

http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
http.trace('/todos/1')

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 2228
def trace(path, initheader = nil)
  request(Trace.new(path, initheader))
end

unlock (path, body, initheader = nil)

Sends an UNLOCK request to the server; returns an instance of a subclass of Net::HTTPResponse.

The request is based on the Net::HTTP::Unlock object created from string path, string body, and initial headers hash initheader.

data = '{"userId": 1, "id": 1, "title": "delectus aut autem", "completed": false}'
http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
http.unlock('/todos/1', data)

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 2135
def unlock(path, body, initheader = nil)
  request(Unlock.new(path, initheader), body)
end

use_ssl= (flag)

Sets whether a new session is to use Transport Layer Security:

Raises IOError if attempting to change during a session.

Raises OpenSSL::SSL::SSLError if the port is not an HTTPS port.

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1512
def use_ssl=(flag)
  flag = flag ? true : false
  if started? and @use_ssl != flag
    raise IOError, "use_ssl value changed, but session already started"
  end
  @use_ssl = flag
end

use_ssl? ()

Returns true if self uses SSL, false otherwise. See Net::HTTP#use_ssl=.

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1502
def use_ssl?
  @use_ssl
end

write_timeout= (sec)

Sets the write timeout, in seconds, for self to integer sec; the initial value is 60.

Argument sec must be a non-negative numeric value:

_uri = uri.dup
_uri.path = '/posts'
body = 'bar' * 200000
data = <<EOF
{"title": "foo", "body": "#{body}", "userId": "1"}
EOF
headers = {'content-type': 'application/json'}
http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
http.write_timeout # => 60
http.post(_uri.path, data, headers)
# => #<Net::HTTPCreated 201 Created readbody=true>
http.write_timeout = 0
http.post(_uri.path, data, headers) # Raises Net::WriteTimeout.

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1444
def write_timeout=(sec)
  @socket.write_timeout = sec if @socket
  @write_timeout = sec
end

class Net::HTTP

About the Examples¶ ↑

Strategies¶ ↑

URIs¶ ↑

Schemes¶ ↑

Hostnames¶ ↑

Paths¶ ↑

Queries¶ ↑

Fragments¶ ↑

Request Headers¶ ↑

HTTP Sessions¶ ↑

Session Using Net::HTTP.start¶ ↑

Session Using Net::HTTP.start and Net::HTTP.finish¶ ↑

Single-Request Session¶ ↑

HTTP Requests and Responses¶ ↑

Following Redirection¶ ↑

Basic Authentication¶ ↑

Streaming Response Bodies¶ ↑

HTTPS¶ ↑

Proxy Server¶ ↑

Proxy Using Argument p_addr as a String¶ ↑

Proxy Using ‘ENV['http_proxy']’¶ ↑

Filtering Proxies¶ ↑

Compression and Decompression¶ ↑

What’s Here¶ ↑

Net::HTTP Objects¶ ↑

Sessions¶ ↑

Connections¶ ↑

Requests¶ ↑

Responses¶ ↑

Proxies¶ ↑

Security¶ ↑

Addresses and Ports¶ ↑

HTTP Version¶ ↑

Debugging¶ ↑

Proxy Using Argument `p_addr` as a String¶ ↑

Proxy Using ‘`ENV['http_proxy']`’¶ ↑